群際威脅情境下弱勢群體的自我評價研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-09-14 07:31
【摘要】：人類居住在一個多維度的環(huán)境中,我們依據(jù)不同的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對社會進行分類,如多民族、多國家、多種族、多性別、多社會階層等。人們將擁有共同歸屬感、相同的同一性感受的一群人稱為內(nèi)群體,其余則稱為外群體。歸屬于某一群體會給個體帶來心理上的獲益,個體也在群體中與他人進行比較獲得自我存在的價值。在群際競爭過程中,當(dāng)內(nèi)群體的存在、發(fā)展和目標(biāo)受到外群體的影響時,群際威脅就產(chǎn)生了。這種群際威脅是群體成員主觀感知到的沖突,不管這種威脅是否真實存在,感知到的威脅已經(jīng)引起了真實的后果。個體具有自我增強的動機,為保護自己的積極形象,往往會對內(nèi)群體持積極態(tài)度,對外群體持厭惡憎恨的態(tài)度,即內(nèi)群體偏愛和外群體厭惡,對外群和內(nèi)群產(chǎn)生認知偏差。但弱勢群體成員對內(nèi)群體的評價往往不像高地位群體成員對內(nèi)群體的評價那么積極,對他們常常對內(nèi)群體抱有矛盾和沖突的態(tài)度,對外群體反而有著較積極的態(tài)度,已有大量研究者質(zhì)疑,在對社會比較判斷偏差進行解釋時,是否過于將自我增強的動機作為原因來解釋。依據(jù)外群體比較模型和群體評價外溢模型,自我評價與外群體評價呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系,自我評價作為群體評價的重要組成部分,群際威脅會導(dǎo)致個體對內(nèi)群體產(chǎn)生消極的評價,那么當(dāng)弱勢群體感知到來自外群體的威脅時,個體對自我的評價又是什么狀態(tài)?社會地位的不同直接影響個體的自我評價,經(jīng)濟水平作為社會分類的主要標(biāo)準(zhǔn),低經(jīng)濟地位群體成員權(quán)力、資源等方面的缺乏而處于明顯的弱勢地位,屬于弱勢群體,同時由于經(jīng)濟地位分類的邊界可滲透性,低經(jīng)濟地位群體成員會表現(xiàn)出強烈的脫離內(nèi)群體進入高經(jīng)濟地位群體的動機,那么低經(jīng)濟地位群體成員在感知到威脅后對自身的評價會表現(xiàn)出何種特征?本研究以群際威脅作為切入點,以低經(jīng)濟地位群體的大學(xué)生作為弱勢群體,設(shè)計三個研究探討群際威脅情境下弱勢群體的自我評價研究,通過內(nèi)隱和外顯的途徑對這一問題進行研究。研究中篩選出低經(jīng)濟地位群體大學(xué)生作為被試,編制了高低經(jīng)濟地位大學(xué)生在就業(yè)時因資源、權(quán)力等的差距而對就業(yè)產(chǎn)生影響的威脅材料。實驗一通過情景投射測驗,要求被試站在低經(jīng)濟地位大學(xué)生的角度去考慮其可能表現(xiàn),結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),在感知到群際威脅之后,低經(jīng)濟地位大學(xué)生會投入相當(dāng)?shù)木?zhǔn)備競爭,但對結(jié)果的預(yù)期顯著降低,核心自我評價也顯著低于控制組。實驗二通過外顯的直接測量的方式,研究群際威脅情境下弱勢群體成員對自我的外顯評價,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)被試感知到威脅之后,對自我的評價顯著高于控制組,而且在此過程中成就動機起到了完全中介的作用。實驗三采用情緒啟動任務(wù)的內(nèi)隱任務(wù)判斷對低經(jīng)濟地位群體成員的感知到威脅后自動激活的態(tài)度進行檢驗,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),威脅組的反應(yīng)速度顯著低于控制組；自我啟動狀態(tài)下對消極詞的反應(yīng)速度慢于對積極詞的反應(yīng)速度。本研究結(jié)果表明：(1)群際威脅情境下,低經(jīng)濟地位群體仍會投入精力參與競爭,但對競爭結(jié)果的預(yù)期降低,自我評價降低。(2)群際威脅影響低經(jīng)濟地位群體的自我評價。在群際威脅情境下,低經(jīng)濟地位群體成員對自我的評價內(nèi)隱層面上呈現(xiàn)消極評價,外顯層面上呈現(xiàn)積極評價。(3)群際威脅激發(fā)了低經(jīng)濟地位群體成員的成就動機,對自我評價積極。
[Abstract]:Human beings live in a multi-dimensional environment, and we classify societies according to different criteria, such as multi-ethnic, multi-national, multi-ethnic, multi-gender, multi-social class, etc. People will have a common sense of belonging, the same sexuality of a group of people known as the inner group, the rest as the outer group. In the process of inter-group competition, inter-group threats arise when the existence, development and goals of the inner group are affected by those of the outer group. This inter-group threat is a conflict perceived by the members of the group, whether the threat is real or not. The perceived threat has already caused real consequences. Individuals have self-reinforcing motives. In order to protect their positive image, they tend to take a positive attitude toward the inner group and a hateful attitude toward the outer group, i.e. inner group preference and outer group aversion, resulting in cognitive bias toward the outer group and inner group. The evaluation is often not as positive as that of the members of the high-ranking group on the internal group. They often have contradictory and conflicting attitudes towards the internal group, but have a more positive attitude towards the external group. A large number of researchers have questioned whether the motivation of self-enhancement is excessively taken as the cause in explaining the bias of social comparative judgment. According to the external group comparison model and the group evaluation spillover model, the self-evaluation is positively correlated with the external group evaluation. As an important part of the group evaluation, the self-evaluation will lead to a negative evaluation of the internal group. Then when the vulnerable group perceives the threat from the external group, the individual will make a positive correlation with the external group evaluation. What is the status of my evaluation? Different social status directly affects the individual's self-evaluation, economic level as the main criteria of social classification, low economic status group members lack of power, resources and other aspects of the obvious vulnerable position, belonging to the vulnerable groups, at the same time because of the economic status of the classification of the boundary permeability, low economic status. Members of economic status groups will show a strong motivation to leave the inner group and enter the high-economic status group. Then what characteristics will the members of low-economic status group show when they perceive the threat to themselves? This study takes the inter-group threat as the breakthrough point, and takes the college students of low-economic status group as the disadvantaged group to design three types. This study explores the self-evaluation of vulnerable groups in the context of inter-group threats, and studies this problem through implicit and explicit ways. In the study, students of low economic status are selected as subjects, and the threatening materials of the employment of high and low economic status students are compiled. Material. In Experiment 1, participants were asked to consider their possible performance from the perspective of low-income college students. The results showed that low-income college students would devote considerable energy to preparing for competition after perceived intergroup threats, but their expectations for the results were significantly reduced, and their core self-evaluation was significantly lower than that of the control group. In Experiment 2, the explicit self-evaluation of vulnerable group members in inter-group threat situations was studied by explicit direct measurement. The results showed that the self-evaluation of vulnerable group members was significantly higher than that of control group when they perceived the threat, and the achievement motivation played a completely mediating role in the process. Hidden task judgment was used to examine the attitudes of the low-economic-status group members to perceive threats and activate automatically. The results showed that the response speed of the threat group was significantly lower than that of the control group. Economic status groups will still devote their energy to competition, but their expectations of competition results will be reduced and their self-evaluation will be reduced. (2) Intergroup threats affect the self-evaluation of low-economic status groups. Intergroup threats stimulate the achievement motivation of members of low economic status group, and are positive for self-evaluation.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：B842.1
本文編號：2241999
[Abstract]:Human beings live in a multi-dimensional environment, and we classify societies according to different criteria, such as multi-ethnic, multi-national, multi-ethnic, multi-gender, multi-social class, etc. People will have a common sense of belonging, the same sexuality of a group of people known as the inner group, the rest as the outer group. In the process of inter-group competition, inter-group threats arise when the existence, development and goals of the inner group are affected by those of the outer group. This inter-group threat is a conflict perceived by the members of the group, whether the threat is real or not. The perceived threat has already caused real consequences. Individuals have self-reinforcing motives. In order to protect their positive image, they tend to take a positive attitude toward the inner group and a hateful attitude toward the outer group, i.e. inner group preference and outer group aversion, resulting in cognitive bias toward the outer group and inner group. The evaluation is often not as positive as that of the members of the high-ranking group on the internal group. They often have contradictory and conflicting attitudes towards the internal group, but have a more positive attitude towards the external group. A large number of researchers have questioned whether the motivation of self-enhancement is excessively taken as the cause in explaining the bias of social comparative judgment. According to the external group comparison model and the group evaluation spillover model, the self-evaluation is positively correlated with the external group evaluation. As an important part of the group evaluation, the self-evaluation will lead to a negative evaluation of the internal group. Then when the vulnerable group perceives the threat from the external group, the individual will make a positive correlation with the external group evaluation. What is the status of my evaluation? Different social status directly affects the individual's self-evaluation, economic level as the main criteria of social classification, low economic status group members lack of power, resources and other aspects of the obvious vulnerable position, belonging to the vulnerable groups, at the same time because of the economic status of the classification of the boundary permeability, low economic status. Members of economic status groups will show a strong motivation to leave the inner group and enter the high-economic status group. Then what characteristics will the members of low-economic status group show when they perceive the threat to themselves? This study takes the inter-group threat as the breakthrough point, and takes the college students of low-economic status group as the disadvantaged group to design three types. This study explores the self-evaluation of vulnerable groups in the context of inter-group threats, and studies this problem through implicit and explicit ways. In the study, students of low economic status are selected as subjects, and the threatening materials of the employment of high and low economic status students are compiled. Material. In Experiment 1, participants were asked to consider their possible performance from the perspective of low-income college students. The results showed that low-income college students would devote considerable energy to preparing for competition after perceived intergroup threats, but their expectations for the results were significantly reduced, and their core self-evaluation was significantly lower than that of the control group. In Experiment 2, the explicit self-evaluation of vulnerable group members in inter-group threat situations was studied by explicit direct measurement. The results showed that the self-evaluation of vulnerable group members was significantly higher than that of control group when they perceived the threat, and the achievement motivation played a completely mediating role in the process. Hidden task judgment was used to examine the attitudes of the low-economic-status group members to perceive threats and activate automatically. The results showed that the response speed of the threat group was significantly lower than that of the control group. Economic status groups will still devote their energy to competition, but their expectations of competition results will be reduced and their self-evaluation will be reduced. (2) Intergroup threats affect the self-evaluation of low-economic status groups. Intergroup threats stimulate the achievement motivation of members of low economic status group, and are positive for self-evaluation.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：B842.1
【參考文獻】
相關(guān)期刊論文 前2條
1 謝曉非,周俊哲,王 麗;風(fēng)險情景中不同成就動機者的冒險行為特征[J];心理學(xué)報;2004年06期
2 張建玲;趙玉芳;;群際威脅與對內(nèi)群體和外群體支持決策的關(guān)系研究[J];西南大學(xué)學(xué)報(自然科學(xué)版);2012年04期
，本文編號：2241999
本文鏈接：http://www.sikaile.net/shekelunwen/xinlixingwei/2241999.html
最近更新
教材專著
