【摘要】：赫爾德是18世紀(jì)晚期德意志最重要的思想家之一,被譽(yù)為“文化民族主義之父”,是德國“狂飆突進(jìn)運(yùn)動(dòng)”的先驅(qū)。他把在歷史中自然形成的文化當(dāng)作民族的發(fā)展鏈條和民族共同體歸屬感的來源,是對法國啟蒙哲學(xué)一元主義的批判。其時(shí),法國文化因?yàn)榉▏谡巍⒔?jīng)濟(jì)上取得的成功而成為世界文明的風(fēng)向標(biāo),引起落后國家和地區(qū)的盲目崇拜,這在德意志表現(xiàn)的尤為突出,甚至到了鄙視和否定本民族文化的地步,面對著民族文化的深刻危機(jī),赫爾德開始反思法國啟蒙思潮中的眾多觀念,從歷史主義的角度探索民族文化的起源和發(fā)展邏輯,為德意志統(tǒng)一尋求出路。關(guān)于歷史和文化的起源,赫爾德認(rèn)為人的“悟性”(Besonnenheit)——即人的情感力量與理性思維的有機(jī)結(jié)合——是人區(qū)別于動(dòng)物的本質(zhì)屬性,是人類文明演進(jìn)的種子。他認(rèn)為正是因?yàn)槿擞形蛐?所以才有了人類獨(dú)有的語言、神話、宗教、文學(xué)和藝術(shù)等文化形式的誕生,這是人類內(nèi)在力量本能表達(dá)的自然結(jié)果,也為歷史的變遷提供了活的有機(jī)力。而且因?yàn)椴煌貐^(qū)的人在與自然和社會(huì)的互動(dòng)中,自然地形成了各自獨(dú)特的民族文化形式,因而也就成為各民族特有的屬性,也是民族共同體認(rèn)同感的來源,其價(jià)值是任何主觀建構(gòu)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)都無法評判的。從而否定了啟蒙思潮中對絕對的理性力量的信仰,摒棄了他們的機(jī)械式進(jìn)步的歷史觀、自我中心論的政治民族主義和一元價(jià)值論。所以我們說,在反思啟蒙哲學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)上,赫爾德形成了帶有極其鮮明的個(gè)人特色的文化民族主義思想,即有機(jī)的歷史主義、文化的民族主義和多元價(jià)值論,由此開啟了德國浪漫主義先河,引發(fā)了歐洲文化思潮中一次重大的思想轉(zhuǎn)向,也為亞非拉等落后地區(qū)的民族國家建立提供了思想依據(jù)。
[Abstract]:Hurd is one of the most important German thinkers in the late 18th century, known as "the father of cultural nationalism" and the forerunner of the "surge movement" in Germany. He regards the culture formed naturally in history as the development chain of the nation and the source of the sense of belonging of the national community, and is a critique of the monism of French enlightenment philosophy. At that time, French culture became the vane of world civilization because of France's political and economic success, causing blind worship in backward countries and regions, which was particularly prominent in Germany. Even to the point of despising and negating his own national culture, in the face of the profound crisis of national culture, Hurd began to reflect on many ideas in the French enlightenment trend of thought, and to explore the origin and development logic of national culture from the perspective of historicism. Looking for a way out for the reunification of Germany. With regard to the origin of history and culture, Hurd believes that the "understanding" (Besonnenheit) of human beings, that is, the organic combination of human emotional power and rational thinking, is the essential attribute of human beings, which is different from animals, and the seed of the evolution of human civilization. He believes that it is precisely because of human understanding that human beings have the birth of cultural forms such as language, mythology, religion, literature and art, which is the natural result of the instinctive expression of human inner power. It also provides a living organic power for the changes of history. Moreover, in the interaction with nature and society, people in different regions have naturally formed their own unique forms of national culture, which has become the unique attribute of each ethnic group and the source of identity of the national community. Its value can not be judged by any subjective construction standard. Thus, it negates the belief in absolute rational power in the enlightenment trend of thought, abandons their view of history of mechanical progress, the political nationalism and unitary value theory of egocentrism. Therefore, on the basis of reflecting on the philosophy of enlightenment, Hurd formed the thought of cultural nationalism with extremely distinct personal characteristics, that is, organic historicism, cultural nationalism and pluralistic value theory. This opened up the forerunner of German romanticism, triggered an important ideological turn in the trend of thought of European culture, and also provided the ideological basis for the establishment of the nation-state in the backward areas such as Asia, Africa and Latin America.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：湘潭大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：K516.33

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