門戶開放：20世紀(jì)上半期美國(guó)擴(kuò)張戰(zhàn)略的歷史軌跡
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-09-11 18:30
【摘要】： 本文旨在討論門戶開放政策的緣起、形成和發(fā)展變化,以期揭示出美國(guó)在20世紀(jì)上半葉實(shí)施的“門戶開放”政策所映現(xiàn)的從東北到中國(guó)全境,從中國(guó)到亞洲太平洋地區(qū),從亞太地區(qū)到歐洲,直到實(shí)現(xiàn)美國(guó)倡導(dǎo)下的全球“門戶開放”的擴(kuò)張軌跡。 三次“門戶開放”照會(huì)的提出,標(biāo)志著美國(guó)“門戶開放”政策的形成。美國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)的擴(kuò)張主義思潮是“門戶開放”政策出臺(tái)的思想動(dòng)因;從美西戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中獲得的巨大利益是美國(guó)實(shí)行門戶擴(kuò)張政策的另一主要?jiǎng)右?“門戶開放”政策的出臺(tái)還是美國(guó)處于特殊歷史階段進(jìn)行擴(kuò)張的產(chǎn)物。在“門戶開放”政策的形成階段,美國(guó)以中國(guó)的東北為重點(diǎn),同時(shí)也在歐洲國(guó)際事務(wù)中貫徹其“門戶開放”擴(kuò)張戰(zhàn)略,通過(guò)制衡、仲裁等手段,初步確立自己的大國(guó)地位。 從1913年3月美國(guó)退出六國(guó)銀行團(tuán)的善后大借款,一直到1917年11月美國(guó)就中國(guó)的“門戶開放”政策達(dá)成重新確認(rèn)的《藍(lán)辛—石井協(xié)定》的之后幾年內(nèi),是“門戶開放”政策向中國(guó)全境的拓展時(shí)期。在這一階段,面對(duì)日本的經(jīng)濟(jì)和軍事擴(kuò)張,美國(guó)囿于自己在中國(guó)的實(shí)力,在推行門戶開放原則時(shí),采取了“政治確認(rèn)”、“將來(lái)再議”的外交戰(zhàn)略。也就是說(shuō),這期間美國(guó)在實(shí)施門戶開放擴(kuò)張戰(zhàn)略的過(guò)程中堅(jiān)持了妥協(xié)性與擴(kuò)張性并行的靈活性原則,并打著尊重中國(guó)行政與領(lǐng)土完整的幌子,在國(guó)際道義上享有虛譽(yù)。 “門戶開放”政策向亞太地區(qū)的延伸,大致上是從1918年1月威爾遜發(fā)表十四點(diǎn)原則,一直到1922年2月華盛頓會(huì)議簽訂《九國(guó)公約》后的十年間。在本階段推行“門戶開放”政策的過(guò)程中,起初囿于自己的軍事實(shí)力和政治利益的美國(guó)并不太成功,其推行的歐亞統(tǒng)籌開放和區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)遏制都基本上歸于失敗,但在后來(lái)的華盛頓會(huì)議上,美國(guó)把門戶開放原則作為國(guó)際協(xié)定法制化,使“門戶開放”政策更加完善,美國(guó)對(duì)這一政策的推行也達(dá)到高潮。 從1932年1月美國(guó)國(guó)務(wù)卿亨利·史汀生發(fā)布不承認(rèn)照會(huì),到1944年7月布雷頓森林會(huì)議,是門戶擴(kuò)張政策在歐亞和太平洋地區(qū)一度受挫,但不久即進(jìn)而泛化,并最終從門戶開放向美國(guó)世界霸權(quán)外交政策過(guò)渡的時(shí)代。這一時(shí)期,美國(guó)先后把門戶開放原則作為戰(zhàn)前對(duì)日、德綏靖的前提,作為戰(zhàn)時(shí)向盟國(guó)提供援助的條件。在戰(zhàn)后,美國(guó)又把這一原則作為世界貿(mào)易自由化的核心,并最終通過(guò)這項(xiàng)原則,在全球推行霸權(quán)。
[Abstract]:The purpose of this paper is to discuss the origin, formation and development of the open door policy, in order to reveal the "open door" policy that the United States carried out in the first half of the 20th century, from the Northeast to the whole territory of China, from China to the Asia-Pacific region. From Asia-Pacific to Europe, until the US-sponsored global "open door" expansion trajectory. Three notes of "open door" marked the formation of American "open door" policy. The expansionist trend of thought in the United States is the ideological driver of the "open door" policy, and the enormous benefits gained from the Spanish-American War are the other main reasons for the United States to carry out the policy of portal expansion. The introduction of the open door policy is also the product of the expansion of the United States at a special historical stage. In the formative stage of the "open door" policy, the United States focused on the northeast of China, at the same time, carried out its "open door" expansion strategy in European international affairs, and preliminarily established its position as a big country by means of checks and balances, arbitration and other means. The period from March 1913, when the United States withdrew from the six countries' bank group, to the period after the United States reached a reconfirmation of China's "open door" policy in November 1917, was a few years after the "Lansin-Ishii Agreement" was reached. It is a period of expansion of the "open door" policy to all parts of China. At this stage, in the face of Japan's economic and military expansion, the United States, constrained by its own strength in China, adopted a diplomatic strategy of "political confirmation" and "renegotiation in the future" when carrying out the principle of opening up to the outside world. In other words, during this period, the United States adhered to the principle of flexibility of compromise and expansibility in the course of carrying out the strategy of open door expansion. Under the guise of respecting China's administrative and territorial integrity, the United States enjoyed an international moral reputation. The extension of the "Open door" policy to the Asia-Pacific region ranged from the 14:00 principle published by Wilson in January 1918 to the decade after the signing of the Nine Convention by the Washington Conference in February 1922. In the process of carrying out the "open door" policy at this stage, the United States, which was initially confined to its own military strength and political interests, was not very successful. However, at the Washington Conference, the United States legalized the principle of open door as an international agreement, which made the policy of "open door" more perfect, and the implementation of this policy reached a climax in the United States. From January 1932, when US Secretary of State Henry Stimson issued a note of denial, to the Bretton Woods Conference in July 1944, it was a setback in the Eurasian and Pacific region, but soon expanded. And finally from the open door to the United States world hegemonic foreign policy transition era. During this period, the United States successively regarded the open door principle as the precondition of appeasement to Japan and Germany before the war, and as a condition of providing assistance to the allies in wartime. After the war, the United States took this principle as the core of the liberalization of world trade, and finally carried out hegemony in the world through this principle.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2007
【分類號(hào)】：K712.5
本文編號(hào)：2237517
[Abstract]:The purpose of this paper is to discuss the origin, formation and development of the open door policy, in order to reveal the "open door" policy that the United States carried out in the first half of the 20th century, from the Northeast to the whole territory of China, from China to the Asia-Pacific region. From Asia-Pacific to Europe, until the US-sponsored global "open door" expansion trajectory. Three notes of "open door" marked the formation of American "open door" policy. The expansionist trend of thought in the United States is the ideological driver of the "open door" policy, and the enormous benefits gained from the Spanish-American War are the other main reasons for the United States to carry out the policy of portal expansion. The introduction of the open door policy is also the product of the expansion of the United States at a special historical stage. In the formative stage of the "open door" policy, the United States focused on the northeast of China, at the same time, carried out its "open door" expansion strategy in European international affairs, and preliminarily established its position as a big country by means of checks and balances, arbitration and other means. The period from March 1913, when the United States withdrew from the six countries' bank group, to the period after the United States reached a reconfirmation of China's "open door" policy in November 1917, was a few years after the "Lansin-Ishii Agreement" was reached. It is a period of expansion of the "open door" policy to all parts of China. At this stage, in the face of Japan's economic and military expansion, the United States, constrained by its own strength in China, adopted a diplomatic strategy of "political confirmation" and "renegotiation in the future" when carrying out the principle of opening up to the outside world. In other words, during this period, the United States adhered to the principle of flexibility of compromise and expansibility in the course of carrying out the strategy of open door expansion. Under the guise of respecting China's administrative and territorial integrity, the United States enjoyed an international moral reputation. The extension of the "Open door" policy to the Asia-Pacific region ranged from the 14:00 principle published by Wilson in January 1918 to the decade after the signing of the Nine Convention by the Washington Conference in February 1922. In the process of carrying out the "open door" policy at this stage, the United States, which was initially confined to its own military strength and political interests, was not very successful. However, at the Washington Conference, the United States legalized the principle of open door as an international agreement, which made the policy of "open door" more perfect, and the implementation of this policy reached a climax in the United States. From January 1932, when US Secretary of State Henry Stimson issued a note of denial, to the Bretton Woods Conference in July 1944, it was a setback in the Eurasian and Pacific region, but soon expanded. And finally from the open door to the United States world hegemonic foreign policy transition era. During this period, the United States successively regarded the open door principle as the precondition of appeasement to Japan and Germany before the war, and as a condition of providing assistance to the allies in wartime. After the war, the United States took this principle as the core of the liberalization of world trade, and finally carried out hegemony in the world through this principle.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2007
【分類號(hào)】：K712.5
【參考文獻(xiàn)】
中國(guó)期刊全文數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù) 前10條
1 傅德華,傅駿;百年來(lái)“門戶開放”政策研究概述[J];安徽大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào);2001年01期
2 吳嘉靜;“門戶開放”:美國(guó)對(duì)華政策史一頁(yè)[J];復(fù)旦學(xué)報(bào)(社會(huì)科學(xué)版);1980年05期
3 汪熙;略論中美關(guān)系史的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題[J];世界歷史;1979年03期
4 向榮;論“門戶開放”政策[J];世界歷史;1980年05期
5 丁名楠 ,張振濵;中美關(guān)系史研究:向前推進(jìn),還是向后倒退?——評(píng)《略論中美關(guān)系史的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題》[J];近代史研究;1979年02期
6 靳良永;建國(guó)以來(lái)近代中外關(guān)系史研究述評(píng)[J];近代史研究;1985年03期
7 翟國(guó)璋,許文;“門戶開放”政策新論[J];江蘇教育學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)(社會(huì)科學(xué)版);2001年02期
8 黃廷柱;;1895—1900年帝國(guó)主義瓜分中國(guó)的斗爭(zhēng)和美國(guó)的“門戶開放”政策[J];歷史教學(xué);1957年06期
9 楊令俠;;試析美國(guó)“門戶開放”政策[J];歷史教學(xué);1984年12期
10 仇華飛;中美學(xué)者對(duì)“門戶開放”政策研究述評(píng)[J];歷史教學(xué);2001年05期
，本文編號(hào)：2237517
本文鏈接：http://www.sikaile.net/shekelunwen/xifanglishiwenhua/2237517.html
最近更新
教材專著
