發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-09-10 20:13

【摘要】： 軍隊(duì)在整個(gè)羅馬共和國(guó)發(fā)展過(guò)程中占據(jù)了極其重要的位置,而作為軍隊(duì)主體組成部分的將軍和士兵之間的關(guān)系,隨著羅馬共和國(guó)歷史的發(fā)展,也在發(fā)生著變化。從塞爾維烏斯·圖里烏斯改革開(kāi)始,羅馬開(kāi)始實(shí)行公民兵制度,經(jīng)過(guò)馬略改革,將軍與士兵的關(guān)系開(kāi)始取代國(guó)家與士兵的關(guān)系,蘇拉進(jìn)軍羅馬,開(kāi)創(chuàng)了軍事獨(dú)裁制,將軍與士兵的關(guān)系逐漸演變成了赤裸裸的利益關(guān)系。隨著士兵不再服務(wù)于國(guó)家而是服務(wù)于將軍個(gè)人,羅馬共和國(guó)便陷入內(nèi)部廝殺,并最終走向滅亡。 本文共分為四部分,分別論述了從塞爾維烏斯改革后,地域聯(lián)系取代血緣聯(lián)系,破壞了舊的氏族血緣關(guān)系,以財(cái)產(chǎn)資格作為劃分人民等級(jí)的依據(jù),同時(shí)以按照財(cái)產(chǎn)等級(jí)征兵的方式取代了之前按庫(kù)里亞胞祖劃分軍隊(duì)的傳統(tǒng),這樣,公民兵就取代了氏族武裝,成為了羅馬軍隊(duì)的主體。在維愛(ài)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和與高盧人作戰(zhàn)之后,卡米盧斯對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)的公民兵制進(jìn)行了改革,其改革適應(yīng)了時(shí)代的需要,進(jìn)一步完善了羅馬的公民兵制,為羅馬隨后征服意大利,繼而稱(chēng)霸地中海奠定了堅(jiān)實(shí)的實(shí)力基礎(chǔ)。而在這一長(zhǎng)期而又艱苦的征服過(guò)程中,軍隊(duì)發(fā)揮著至關(guān)重要的作用。而作為軍隊(duì)主體的將軍與士兵,同為羅馬公民,都很好地發(fā)揚(yáng)了羅馬民族的光榮傳統(tǒng),以維護(hù)國(guó)家利益為己任,為羅馬的征服大業(yè)奉獻(xiàn)著各自的力量。但是隨著戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)范圍和規(guī)模的擴(kuò)大,羅馬的兵源供應(yīng)出現(xiàn)危機(jī)。公民兵制已經(jīng)無(wú)法滿(mǎn)足現(xiàn)實(shí)的需要。加之巨大的勝利和不可計(jì)數(shù)的戰(zhàn)利品的涌入嚴(yán)重地腐蝕了羅馬的軍隊(duì),軍隊(duì)內(nèi)部腐敗現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重,士氣低落,以致戰(zhàn)斗力低下。馬略改革取消了征兵的財(cái)產(chǎn)資格的限制,大批的無(wú)產(chǎn)者和意大利的公民紛紛加入軍隊(duì),軍隊(duì)的成分發(fā)生了巨大的變化,士兵們作戰(zhàn)的目的也隨之改變,不再是為了國(guó)家利益而戰(zhàn),新的羅馬軍隊(duì)與國(guó)家的聯(lián)系逐漸弱化,他們更傾向于忠于自己的將軍,因?yàn)橹挥懈S將軍作戰(zhàn)并贏得勝利,他們才有可能獲得財(cái)富和土地,這就為軍事獨(dú)裁制的建立埋下了伏筆。公元前88年,蘇拉帶領(lǐng)他的士兵進(jìn)攻羅馬,并最終在他的軍隊(duì)的幫助下成功占領(lǐng)羅馬,并建立了自己的統(tǒng)治。蘇拉的士兵多年跟隨蘇拉作戰(zhàn),他們與蘇拉之間的聯(lián)系已經(jīng)相當(dāng)緊密。蘇拉死后,為了爭(zhēng)取士兵的支持,新的有野心的將軍紛紛以利益手段收買(mǎi)士兵,將軍與士兵的關(guān)系中的利益色彩更加濃重了。隨后的野心家們?nèi)鐒P撒、龐培、屋大維等,也都踏上了這條武力奪取政權(quán)之路。但是此時(shí)的士兵面對(duì)形勢(shì)的變化也開(kāi)始作出對(duì)他們自己有利的選擇。隨著這種態(tài)勢(shì)的演進(jìn),士兵的欲望越來(lái)越難以滿(mǎn)足,兵變、叛離等背叛行為屢屢發(fā)生,這一切對(duì)于士兵來(lái)說(shuō)似乎是理所當(dāng)然的,羅馬的光榮傳統(tǒng)此時(shí)已經(jīng)蕩然無(wú)存,留下的只是對(duì)利益的追逐,將軍與士兵之間的關(guān)系已經(jīng)徹底變成赤裸裸的利益關(guān)系。
[Abstract]:The military occupies an extremely important position in the development of the whole Roman Republic, and the relationship between the general and the soldiers, as the main part of the army, is changing with the development of the history of the Roman Republic. From the beginning of the Servius Turius reform, Rome began to implement the civil soldier system. After the reform of Marillo, the relations between the general and the soldiers began to replace the relations between the state and the soldiers, and Sula marched into Rome and created a military dictatorship. The relationship between the general and the soldiers gradually evolved into a naked relationship of interest. With the soldiers no longer serving the country but the generals, the Roman Republic fell into internal strife and eventually perished. This paper is divided into four parts. After the reform of Servius, the paper discusses the replacement of regional ties for blood ties, the destruction of the old clan kinship, and the use of property qualification as the basis for the classification of the people. At the same time, conscription according to property class replaced the tradition of dividing the army according to the ancestors of Curia, so that civil soldiers replaced the clan forces and became the main body of the Roman army. After the War of Vicarice and the battle against the Gauls, Camelus reformed the civil military system of the time, adapted to the needs of the times, and further improved the system of civil soldiers in Rome, for the subsequent conquest of Italy by Rome. Then it established a solid foundation of strength for dominating the Mediterranean Sea. In this long and arduous process of conquest, the army played a vital role. As the main body of the army, the generals and soldiers, who were both Roman citizens, well carried forward the glorious tradition of the Roman nation, took the national interests as their duty, and devoted their respective strength to the great cause of Roman conquest. But with the expansion of the scope and scale of the war, the supply of troops to Rome came into crisis. The civil military system has been unable to meet the actual needs. Combined with great victories and an incalculable influx of trophies, the Roman army was seriously corrupted by corruption, demoralization, and infighting capacity. The Marlorio reforms removed restrictions on the property eligibility of conscription, and a large number of proletarians and Italian citizens joined the army. The composition of the army changed dramatically, and so did the purpose of the soldiers in fighting. No longer fighting for the good of the nation, the new Roman army became less connected to the country, and they tended to be more loyal to their generals, for they could gain wealth and land only if they fought with them and won victory. This laid the groundwork for the establishment of a military dictatorship. In 88 BC, Sullah led his soldiers into Rome and eventually succeeded in occupying Rome with the help of his army and established his own rule. Sullah's soldiers fought with Sullah for many years, and their ties with Sullah were already strong. After Sura's death, the new and ambitious generals bought the soldiers by means of profit in order to win the support of the soldiers, and the relationship between the generals and the soldiers became more profitable. Later ambitious men such as Caesar, Pompey, Octavian and others set foot on the road to power by force. But the soldiers also began to make their own choices in the face of changing circumstances. With the evolution of this situation, soldiers' desires became more and more difficult to satisfy, and betrayal, such as mutiny, rebellion, and so on, occurred repeatedly, all of which seemed natural to the soldiers, and the glorious tradition of Rome was now gone. All that remains is the pursuit of profit, and the relationship between the general and the soldiers has been turned into a naked one.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：K126

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