美國住房貸款中的紅線制度和社區(qū)再投資運動
發(fā)布時間：2018-09-08 13:16
【摘要】： 美國住房貸款中的紅線制度和社區(qū)再投資運動,是20世紀(jì)60年代以來一個引人注目的問題,并逐漸引起了學(xué)者的廣泛關(guān)注和激烈爭議。 本文從住房貸款中的紅線制度的概念和實施入手,在細節(jié)上對紅線制度的發(fā)展脈絡(luò)進行梳理,對影響紅線制度的成因,社區(qū)再投資運動的進展進行了系統(tǒng)的研究。 第一部分認為美國住房貸款中的紅線制度在20世紀(jì)60年代就引起了關(guān)注。并隨著社區(qū)組織運動的開展,把這個論題帶到了學(xué)術(shù)的研究領(lǐng)域里來。學(xué)者們從不同的研究視角入手,對它的產(chǎn)生和概念提出了多方面的觀點。本文主要把這些關(guān)于紅線制度概念的爭論點歸結(jié)為兩個方面,即“空間上的紅線制度”和“種族上的紅線制度”,在探討這兩方面的紅線制度的同時,提出了筆者對紅線制度的一些認識和看法。在理清了什么是紅線制度后,就要弄懂貸款機構(gòu)是如何實行紅線制度的。筆者認為貸款機構(gòu)在一些公開性行為遭到抗議之后,他們?yōu)榱藴p輕壓力,開始采用更為隱秘的方法,例如在它們看來不符合條件的申請者來申請貸款時,就要采取資金緊張的說辭或是利用苛刻的貸款條件等手段來拒絕貸款申請。這種隱密性的方法,在本質(zhì)上就是一種紅線制度,只是不易于察覺罷了。 第二部分從成因方面具體探討了紅線制度的產(chǎn)生問題。其中包括:(一)聯(lián)邦政府的住宅貸款政策對紅線制度在住房市場上存在的推動作用;(二)美國社會中存在的種族歧視和種族隔離與紅線制度形成和發(fā)展的關(guān)系;(三)中心城市的衰敗和白人的郊區(qū)化對紅線制度進一步發(fā)展的影響;(四)社區(qū)的特征、貸款申請者個人的特征、房產(chǎn)開發(fā)商、聯(lián)邦政府監(jiān)督的二級市場和保險業(yè)等因素與紅線制度產(chǎn)生的關(guān)系。 第三部分著重分析了社區(qū)再投資運動的開展情況。首先是從聯(lián)邦政府的社區(qū)再投資努力開始談起的,聯(lián)邦政府在看到了紅線制度對中心城市社區(qū)的危害后,開始為解決一些社區(qū)居民的困境進行努力。聯(lián)邦政府的努力主要體現(xiàn)在一些法案的頒行上,它先后頒布了公平住宅法、公平信貸機會法、住房抵押貸款公開法和社區(qū)再投資法等,為社區(qū)再投資運動的進行提供了法律的保障。州政府和地方政府也緊隨著聯(lián)邦政府的步伐,頒布了一些地方性的條例,并召開了一些聽證會,把一些紅線制度的受害者和銀行集結(jié)在一起,通過紅線制度受害者的陳述,要求銀行對此行為采取一些修正的措施。社區(qū)組織作為再投資運動開展的急先鋒,在運動中起到了關(guān)鍵性的作用,它們通過廣泛地建立一些組織聯(lián)盟,對公開法案提供的銀行貸款記錄進行研究,與銀行進行積極的談判等方法,為爭取中心城市社區(qū)的發(fā)展進行不懈的斗爭。各個城市和州的社區(qū)再投資運動可以說給我們展開了一幅生動的畫面,本文主要選取了波士頓再投資案例來具體地闡明再投資運動的進展?fàn)顩r,希望能夠窺一豹而知全局。在敘述了各個城市和州的社區(qū)再投資運動后,筆者在此基礎(chǔ)上得出了一些關(guān)于社區(qū)再投資的粗淺認識,希望能有產(chǎn)生一些借鑒作用。
[Abstract]:The red line system and Community Reinvestment movement in American housing loans have been a noticeable issue since the 1960s, and have gradually aroused widespread concern and heated controversy among scholars.
Starting with the concept and implementation of the red line system in housing loans, this paper combs the development of the red line system in detail, and makes a systematic study of the causes affecting the red line system and the progress of the Community Reinvestment movement.
The first part thinks that the red line system in American housing loan has attracted much attention since the 1960s. With the development of the community organization movement, this topic has been brought to the academic research field. Scholars have put forward various viewpoints on its emergence and concept from different research perspectives. The controversy over the concept of the red line system can be summed up in two aspects: the "red line system in space" and the "red line system in race". While discussing the two aspects of the red line system, the author puts forward some understanding and views on the red line system. After clarifying what is the red line system, it is necessary to understand how the loan institutions implement it. I believe that after some public sexual protests, lenders have begun to use more subtle methods to relieve pressure, such as using tight money statements or harsh lending conditions to deny loans to applicants who appear to be unqualified. Application. This concealed method is essentially a red line system, but it is not easy to detect.
The second part discusses the causes of the Red Line system, including: (1) the federal government's housing loan policy to promote the existence of the Red Line system in the housing market; (2) racial discrimination and segregation in American society and the formation and development of the Red Line system; (3) the decline of central cities. And white suburbanization on the further development of the Red Line system; (4) Community characteristics, the characteristics of individual loan applicants, real estate developers, federal government supervision of secondary markets and insurance industry and other factors with the Red Line system.
The third part focuses on the development of Community Reinvestment campaign. First of all, the federal government began to talk about Community Reinvestment efforts. After seeing the harm of the red line system to the central urban communities, the federal government began to make efforts to solve the plight of some community residents. On the issue of the case, it promulgated the Fair Housing Act, the Fair Credit Opportunity Act, the Housing Mortgage Opening Act and the Community Reinvestment Act, providing legal protection for the Community Reinvestment movement. Community organizations, as pioneers in the reinvestment movement, played a key role in bringing together victims of the Red Line system and banks and demanding that banks take corrective action through their statements. The Community Reinvestment campaign in cities and states provides us with a vivid picture, which is illustrated by the case of Boston reinvestment. After describing the Community Reinvestment movement in various cities and states, the author draws some superficial understandings about community reinvestment, hoping to have some reference.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2007
【分類號】：K712.54
本文編號：2230632
[Abstract]:The red line system and Community Reinvestment movement in American housing loans have been a noticeable issue since the 1960s, and have gradually aroused widespread concern and heated controversy among scholars.
Starting with the concept and implementation of the red line system in housing loans, this paper combs the development of the red line system in detail, and makes a systematic study of the causes affecting the red line system and the progress of the Community Reinvestment movement.
The first part thinks that the red line system in American housing loan has attracted much attention since the 1960s. With the development of the community organization movement, this topic has been brought to the academic research field. Scholars have put forward various viewpoints on its emergence and concept from different research perspectives. The controversy over the concept of the red line system can be summed up in two aspects: the "red line system in space" and the "red line system in race". While discussing the two aspects of the red line system, the author puts forward some understanding and views on the red line system. After clarifying what is the red line system, it is necessary to understand how the loan institutions implement it. I believe that after some public sexual protests, lenders have begun to use more subtle methods to relieve pressure, such as using tight money statements or harsh lending conditions to deny loans to applicants who appear to be unqualified. Application. This concealed method is essentially a red line system, but it is not easy to detect.
The second part discusses the causes of the Red Line system, including: (1) the federal government's housing loan policy to promote the existence of the Red Line system in the housing market; (2) racial discrimination and segregation in American society and the formation and development of the Red Line system; (3) the decline of central cities. And white suburbanization on the further development of the Red Line system; (4) Community characteristics, the characteristics of individual loan applicants, real estate developers, federal government supervision of secondary markets and insurance industry and other factors with the Red Line system.
The third part focuses on the development of Community Reinvestment campaign. First of all, the federal government began to talk about Community Reinvestment efforts. After seeing the harm of the red line system to the central urban communities, the federal government began to make efforts to solve the plight of some community residents. On the issue of the case, it promulgated the Fair Housing Act, the Fair Credit Opportunity Act, the Housing Mortgage Opening Act and the Community Reinvestment Act, providing legal protection for the Community Reinvestment movement. Community organizations, as pioneers in the reinvestment movement, played a key role in bringing together victims of the Red Line system and banks and demanding that banks take corrective action through their statements. The Community Reinvestment campaign in cities and states provides us with a vivid picture, which is illustrated by the case of Boston reinvestment. After describing the Community Reinvestment movement in various cities and states, the author draws some superficial understandings about community reinvestment, hoping to have some reference.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2007
【分類號】：K712.54
【引證文獻】
相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前2條
1 楊楠;金融機構(gòu)社區(qū)服務(wù)義務(wù)研究[D];廣西大學(xué);2011年
2 左建紅;1940-1970年美國西部及北部地區(qū)的黑人郊區(qū)化[D];河北師范大學(xué);2010年
，本文編號：2230632
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