“建國時期”美國的軍事改革和建設
發(fā)布時間：2018-08-28 16:29
【摘要】：1783年——1812年,即自美國獨立戰(zhàn)爭勝利到第二次美英戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā)之間的近30年時間,被史學界稱為美國的“建國時期”。 在這一段時期里,擺脫英國殖民統(tǒng)治剛剛起步的年輕美國面臨著前所未有的困難與挑戰(zhàn),為了應對紛繁復雜的國際、國內(nèi)矛盾和一波未平一波又起的國內(nèi)外危機,鞏固獨立戰(zhàn)爭的勝利果實,讓美國盡快走出危機和困境,在喬治·華盛頓、托馬斯·杰斐遜、亞歷山大·漢密爾頓等美國早期領導人的思想指引和直接推動下,美國立足現(xiàn)實、著眼未來,進行了一次卓有成效的軍事改革和軍事建設。這個時期的軍事改革和建設在美國軍事發(fā)展史上具有無可比擬的重要地位,它奠定了美國迅速發(fā)展成世界有史以來最強大的軍事強國的基石。改革和建設取得的成果極大地增強了美國的軍事力量,大幅提升了美國國防威懾力和捍衛(wèi)國家安全、維護社會穩(wěn)定、保障國民經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的能力,讓美國成功度過了建國初期的危機考驗,進而為美國的發(fā)展壯大創(chuàng)造了寬松的國際環(huán)境和廣闊的發(fā)展空間。 長期以來,國內(nèi)外的專家學者對美國軍事研究的著述頗豐,但主要關注于“強大后的美國軍事”,對于早期的美國特別是“建國時期”的美國軍事研究不多。因此,本文試圖對這一時期美國軍事改革和建設進行較為全面的論述,探究美國軍事崛起的源頭和早期成長之路,為我國軍隊和國防現(xiàn)代化建設,尋找到一些有益的啟示和借鑒。 本文第一部分主要闡述美國“建國時期”軍事改革的背景。從早期美國的傳統(tǒng)軍事思想、建國初期嚴峻的國內(nèi)、國際形勢入手進行分析,揭示建國時期進行軍事改革和建設的主、客觀因素,以及改革的必要性和迫切性。 第二部分重點論述指導和推動美國軍事改革和建設的重要思想。喬治·華盛頓、亞歷山大·漢密爾頓、托馬斯·杰斐遜是美國歷史上,影響和推動美國軍事改革和建設最關鍵的三位領導人物,美國后期軍事建設和發(fā)展在很大程度上都在實踐著他們的思想。本部分全面總結(jié)和分析他們的主要軍事思想,從中展示推動美國軍事發(fā)展的思想體系。 第三部分著重表述美國軍事改革和建設取得的成果。概括起來主要取得了五個方面的成果,一是以憲法的形式確立了美國軍事制度的架構(gòu)；二是建立起“可擴大”的正規(guī)陸軍；三是海軍得以重建,并建立起一支具有相當規(guī)模的常備海軍；四是民兵制度得到進一步完善,成為正規(guī)軍的穩(wěn)固后備力量；五是奠定了美國軍事教育的基礎。 第四部分從兩個方面對這一階段的軍事改革和建設進行總體評價,一是總結(jié)論述軍事改革和建設對美國成長和發(fā)展的重要意義和深遠影響；二是分析總結(jié)軍事改革存在的問題和不足之處,并對造成這些問題的深層次原因進行分析。
[Abstract]:From 1783 to 1812, between the victory of the American Revolution and the outbreak of the second Anglo-American War, it was called "the founding period" by the historians. During this period, the young United States, which is emerging from British colonial rule, is facing unprecedented difficulties and challenges. In order to cope with the numerous and complicated international, domestic contradictions and waves of domestic and foreign crises, To consolidate the fruits of the victory of the War of Independence and to get the United States out of crisis and predicament as soon as possible, under the ideological guidance and direct push of the early American leaders, such as George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, etc., the United States established itself in reality. Looking at the future, we carried out a fruitful military reform and military construction. The military reform and construction in this period played an unparalleled important role in the history of American military development, which laid the foundation for the rapid development of the United States into the most powerful military power in the history of the world. The achievements of the reform and construction have greatly enhanced the US military strength, greatly enhanced the US defense deterrence and the ability to safeguard national security, maintain social stability, and safeguard the development of the national economy. The United States successfully passed the crisis test in the early days of the founding of the country, thus creating a relaxed international environment and broad development space for the development of the United States. For a long time, experts and scholars at home and abroad have written a lot on American military research, but they mainly focus on the "American military after the Great", but not much on the early United States, especially in the period of "the founding of the people's Republic of China". Therefore, this article attempts to carry on the relatively comprehensive elaboration to the American military reform and the construction in this period, explores the American military rise the source and the early growth road, for our country military and the national defense modernization construction, To find some useful inspiration and reference. The first part of this paper mainly expounds the background of the military reform in the period of the founding of the people's Republic of America. By analyzing the traditional military thought of the early United States, the grim domestic and international situation in the early days of the founding of the people's Republic of China, this paper reveals the subjective and objective factors of the military reform and construction in the period of the founding of the people's Republic of China, as well as the necessity and urgency of the reform. The second part focuses on guiding and promoting American military reform and construction. George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson are the three most critical leaders in American history who influence and advance American military reform and construction. In the late American military construction and development, to a large extent, they were practicing their ideas. In this part, their main military thoughts are summarized and analyzed. The third part focuses on the achievements of US military reform and construction. To sum up, five major achievements have been made: first, the establishment of the framework of the US military system in the form of a constitution; second, the establishment of a "scalable" regular army; and third, the reconstruction of the navy. A standing navy with a considerable scale was established; fourth, the militia system was further improved to become a solid reserve force for the regular army; and fifth, the foundation of American military education was laid. The fourth part makes a general evaluation of the military reform and construction in this stage from two aspects. First, it summarizes and discusses the significance and far-reaching influence of the military reform and construction on the growth and development of the United States. The second is to analyze and summarize the problems and shortcomings of military reform, and analyze the causes of these problems.
【學位授予單位】：山東師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：K712.4
本文編號：2209951
[Abstract]:From 1783 to 1812, between the victory of the American Revolution and the outbreak of the second Anglo-American War, it was called "the founding period" by the historians. During this period, the young United States, which is emerging from British colonial rule, is facing unprecedented difficulties and challenges. In order to cope with the numerous and complicated international, domestic contradictions and waves of domestic and foreign crises, To consolidate the fruits of the victory of the War of Independence and to get the United States out of crisis and predicament as soon as possible, under the ideological guidance and direct push of the early American leaders, such as George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, etc., the United States established itself in reality. Looking at the future, we carried out a fruitful military reform and military construction. The military reform and construction in this period played an unparalleled important role in the history of American military development, which laid the foundation for the rapid development of the United States into the most powerful military power in the history of the world. The achievements of the reform and construction have greatly enhanced the US military strength, greatly enhanced the US defense deterrence and the ability to safeguard national security, maintain social stability, and safeguard the development of the national economy. The United States successfully passed the crisis test in the early days of the founding of the country, thus creating a relaxed international environment and broad development space for the development of the United States. For a long time, experts and scholars at home and abroad have written a lot on American military research, but they mainly focus on the "American military after the Great", but not much on the early United States, especially in the period of "the founding of the people's Republic of China". Therefore, this article attempts to carry on the relatively comprehensive elaboration to the American military reform and the construction in this period, explores the American military rise the source and the early growth road, for our country military and the national defense modernization construction, To find some useful inspiration and reference. The first part of this paper mainly expounds the background of the military reform in the period of the founding of the people's Republic of America. By analyzing the traditional military thought of the early United States, the grim domestic and international situation in the early days of the founding of the people's Republic of China, this paper reveals the subjective and objective factors of the military reform and construction in the period of the founding of the people's Republic of China, as well as the necessity and urgency of the reform. The second part focuses on guiding and promoting American military reform and construction. George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson are the three most critical leaders in American history who influence and advance American military reform and construction. In the late American military construction and development, to a large extent, they were practicing their ideas. In this part, their main military thoughts are summarized and analyzed. The third part focuses on the achievements of US military reform and construction. To sum up, five major achievements have been made: first, the establishment of the framework of the US military system in the form of a constitution; second, the establishment of a "scalable" regular army; and third, the reconstruction of the navy. A standing navy with a considerable scale was established; fourth, the militia system was further improved to become a solid reserve force for the regular army; and fifth, the foundation of American military education was laid. The fourth part makes a general evaluation of the military reform and construction in this stage from two aspects. First, it summarizes and discusses the significance and far-reaching influence of the military reform and construction on the growth and development of the United States. The second is to analyze and summarize the problems and shortcomings of military reform, and analyze the causes of these problems.
【學位授予單位】：山東師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：K712.4
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