【摘要】：自美國(guó)建國(guó)以來(lái)，宗教與政治之間就有著千絲萬(wàn)縷的聯(lián)系。18世紀(jì)末期，獨(dú)立不久的美國(guó)通過(guò)聯(lián)邦憲法第一修正案，確立了政教分離制度。作為歐洲文明延續(xù)和發(fā)展的國(guó)家，美國(guó)沒(méi)有實(shí)行當(dāng)時(shí)盛行于歐洲國(guó)家的政教合一制，而是根據(jù)歐洲國(guó)家政教合一的弊端和美國(guó)人追求宗教自由的堅(jiān)定信念，制定了政教分離這一重大的憲法原則。這既是一種歷史選擇，也是美國(guó)人限制“政”和“教”權(quán)力的法律約束。 然而，盡管憲法對(duì)政教關(guān)系做了原則性的規(guī)定，如憲法第一修正案這樣寫道：“國(guó)會(huì)不得立法建立國(guó)教或禁止宗教自由”，但這種文字意思表述不清，條文規(guī)定太籠統(tǒng)，為人們對(duì)它作出不同解讀和詮釋留下了很大空間，也為司法機(jī)構(gòu)裁決留下了大量的發(fā)揮余地。譬如，政教之間如何分離？什么問(wèn)題上必須分離？什么問(wèn)題上不必分離？一言以蔽之，憲法第一修正案沒(méi)有在“政”與“教”之間劃出一條涇渭分明的分界線。更為重要的是，憲法第一修正案僅限制了“政”對(duì)“教”的干涉，而沒(méi)有限制“教”對(duì)“政”的干預(yù)，造成了兩者互為約束的不平衡現(xiàn)象，為后者影響和干預(yù)前提供了方便之門及法律依據(jù)。 本文旨在探討宗教在塑造和影響美國(guó)政治上的作用，，分析它對(duì)美國(guó)政策制定的影響。鑒于美國(guó)宗教組織多如“過(guò)江之卿”，而政治問(wèn)題又?jǐn)?shù)不勝數(shù)，本文以基督教保守派在墮胎問(wèn)題上的政治運(yùn)作為研究對(duì)象，通過(guò)前者的干預(yù)和影響方式來(lái)揭示“教”對(duì)“政”的作用。為此，本文第一章重點(diǎn)介紹美國(guó)政教分離的歷史淵源及理論基礎(chǔ)。第二章就美國(guó)利益集團(tuán)影響和作用政治進(jìn)程的方式展開了討論，說(shuō)明美國(guó)宗教組織在影響政治進(jìn)程時(shí)的方式與其他利益集團(tuán)并無(wú)二致。第三章以基督教保守派中的天主教為例，通過(guò)對(duì)該教派在墮胎問(wèn)題上政治行為的分析，來(lái)證實(shí)本論文的論點(diǎn)    盡管憲法第一修正案確立了“政教分離”原則，但在實(shí)際政治運(yùn)作中，這種分離并不是絕對(duì)的，而是可以“分而不離”的。
[Abstract]:Since the founding of the United States, religion and politics have been inextricably linked. At the end of the 18th century, the newly independent United States established the system of separation of state and religion through the first Amendment of the Federal Constitution. As a country with the continuation and development of European civilization, the United States did not implement the system of integration of politics and religion, which prevailed in European countries at that time, but based on the shortcomings of the unity of politics and religion in European countries and the firm belief of Americans in the pursuit of religious freedom. A major constitutional principle of separation of church and state was established. This is both a historical choice and a legal constraint on American power to restrict politics and religion. However, although the Constitution provides in principle for the relationship between church and state, such as the first Amendment, which states that "Congress shall not legislate to establish a state religion or prohibit religious freedom", the meaning of this text is unclear and the provisions are too general. It leaves a lot of room for people to interpret and interpret it differently, as well as a lot of room for judicial decisions. How, for example, is the separation of church and state? What issues must be separated? What need not be separated? In a word, the first Amendment does not draw a clear line between politics and religion. More importantly, the first Amendment of the Constitution restricted only the interference of "politics" in "religion", but not the interference of "education" in "politics", which resulted in the imbalance between the two. For the latter influence and intervention before providing convenient door and legal basis. The purpose of this paper is to explore the role of religion in shaping and influencing American politics and to analyze its influence on American policy making. In view of the fact that there are many religious organizations in the United States as "across the river," and there are numerous political problems, this article focuses on the political operation of Christian conservatives on the issue of abortion. Through the former's intervention and influence, this paper reveals the effect of "education" on "politics". Therefore, the first chapter focuses on the historical origin and theoretical basis of the separation of church and state in the United States. The second chapter discusses the influence and function of American interest groups on the political process, and explains that the American religious organizations influence the political process in the same way as other interest groups. The third chapter, taking Catholicism among Christian conservatives as an example, confirms the argument in this paper by analyzing the political behavior of the sect on abortion, even though the first Amendment of the Constitution establishes the principle of "separation of church and state". However, in the actual political operation, this separation is not absolute, but can be divided without leaving.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：上海外國(guó)語(yǔ)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：K712

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