19世紀(jì)末20世紀(jì)初美國(guó)的安置所運(yùn)動(dòng)
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-08-10 20:13
【摘要】：19世紀(jì)末20世紀(jì)初,美國(guó)壟斷資本主義迅猛發(fā)展。經(jīng)濟(jì)和軍事實(shí)力的增強(qiáng)使其迅速成長(zhǎng)為世界頭號(hào)資本主義國(guó)家。但這一時(shí)期也是美國(guó)的轉(zhuǎn)型期,世紀(jì)之交,美國(guó)正由農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)向工業(yè)社會(huì)過(guò)度,由自由資本主義向壟斷資本主義轉(zhuǎn)變。伴隨著一系列的巨變,美國(guó)產(chǎn)生了嚴(yán)重的社會(huì)問(wèn)題。如：移民的大批涌入導(dǎo)致文化隔閡,市政的腐敗管理導(dǎo)致環(huán)境惡劣,貧窮和擁擠導(dǎo)致道德敗壞,法律的缺失導(dǎo)致市場(chǎng)混亂……面對(duì)沉重的社會(huì)問(wèn)題,一批中產(chǎn)階級(jí)知識(shí)分子為構(gòu)建合理的國(guó)家秩序、維持公平正義發(fā)起了數(shù)場(chǎng)改革運(yùn)動(dòng)。安置所運(yùn)動(dòng)就是其中的一項(xiàng)重要改革。運(yùn)動(dòng)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者多是出身良好、接受過(guò)高等教育的中產(chǎn)階級(jí)知識(shí)女性,她們針對(duì)城市貧民窟擁擠破敗、窮人沒(méi)有生活保障和子女缺乏教育的狀況,于其中建立安置所,發(fā)揚(yáng)人道主義精神,為貧民提供救助,并通過(guò)發(fā)起社會(huì)改革為其爭(zhēng)取權(quán)利。安置所運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)美國(guó)社會(huì)產(chǎn)生了積極的影響,研究這場(chǎng)運(yùn)動(dòng)的興起、發(fā)展與衰落有助于我們更深入地了解美國(guó)的民間救助方式和改革軌跡。 本篇論文共分為四部分：緒論、正文、結(jié)語(yǔ)和參考文獻(xiàn)。正文分為三個(gè)章節(jié)。 第一章論述了安置所運(yùn)動(dòng)發(fā)生的時(shí)代背景。19世紀(jì)末20世紀(jì)初,美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)迅猛發(fā)展,第二次科技革命直接推動(dòng)了其工業(yè)化和城市化的進(jìn)程,一種新的社會(huì)形態(tài)已經(jīng)展現(xiàn)。但此時(shí)也是美國(guó)社會(huì)的轉(zhuǎn)型期,大批外國(guó)移民的涌入造成了城市的擁擠和文化的隔閡,貧富的巨大懸殊和腐敗的市政管理令整個(gè)社會(huì)矛盾重重。一批有識(shí)之士開(kāi)始反思并發(fā)起社會(huì)變革。第二章論述了安置所運(yùn)動(dòng)的興起。這場(chǎng)運(yùn)動(dòng)起源于英國(guó),之后在美國(guó)發(fā)展壯大,運(yùn)動(dòng)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人在美國(guó)的大城市建立了許多具有代表性的安置所。這些安置所為貧民提供各種救助,從普及教育、開(kāi)辦幼兒園到實(shí)用技能的培訓(xùn)。第三章論述了安置所運(yùn)動(dòng)的發(fā)展與衰落。隨著形勢(shì)的需要,運(yùn)動(dòng)的范圍擴(kuò)大到推進(jìn)制度的變革,從改善住房狀況到保護(hù)移民與黑人,從為民眾爭(zhēng)取娛樂(lè)場(chǎng)地到保護(hù)女工童工,20世紀(jì)初,這場(chǎng)運(yùn)動(dòng)最終達(dá)到頂點(diǎn)。一戰(zhàn)的爆發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移了美國(guó)大部分的精力和財(cái)力,安置所運(yùn)動(dòng)也因此受到挫敗。戰(zhàn)后,美國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)環(huán)境的重大變化讓這場(chǎng)運(yùn)動(dòng)不可避免的走向衰落。 結(jié)論：安置所運(yùn)動(dòng)是美國(guó)近代社會(huì)改革的重要組成部分。它不僅以一種新的救助模式幫助了窮人,改變了一批年輕人的思想觀,更堅(jiān)定了公眾與社會(huì)不公斗爭(zhēng)到底的決心。最后,它的許多救助方法和思路值得我們借鑒。
[Abstract]:At the end of the 19 th century and the beginning of the 20 th century, American monopoly capitalism developed rapidly. The increase in economic and military power has made it the world's number one capitalist country. But this period is also the transition period of the United States. At the turn of the century, the United States is changing from agricultural society to industrial society, from free capitalism to monopoly capitalism. With a series of great changes, the United States has created serious social problems. For example, the influx of immigrants led to cultural barriers, municipal corruption led to poor conditions, poverty and congestion led to moral deterioration, lack of laws led to market chaos. Faced with the heavy social problems, a group of middle-class intellectuals launched several reform movements in order to build a reasonable national order and maintain fairness and justice. The resettlement movement is one of the important reforms. Most of the movement was led by educated middle-class women of good origin and higher education who set up settlements in response to the urban slums, the poor's lack of security of living and the lack of education for their children. Promote the spirit of humanitarianism, provide relief to the poor and fight for their rights through social reform. The resettlement movement has a positive impact on American society. The study of the rise, development and decline of this movement is helpful for us to understand more deeply the American folk relief methods and the reform track. This thesis is divided into four parts: introduction, text, conclusion and references. The text is divided into three chapters. The first chapter discusses the background of the resettlement movement. At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the American economy developed rapidly, the second scientific and technological revolution directly promoted its industrialization and urbanization process, a new social form has been displayed. But this time is also the transformation of American society, the influx of a large number of foreign immigrants caused urban congestion and cultural barriers, the huge gap between the rich and the poor and corrupt municipal administration make the whole society full of contradictions. A group of people of insight began to reflect and initiate social change. The second chapter discusses the rise of resettlement movement. The movement originated in England and then expanded in the United States, with its leaders setting up representative settlements in large American cities. These settlements provide assistance to the poor, from universal education, kindergarten to practical skills training. The third chapter discusses the development and decline of resettlement. With the need of the situation, the scope of the movement expanded to promote the reform of the system, from the improvement of housing conditions to the protection of immigrants and blacks, from the struggle for entertainment for the public to protect the child workers of female workers. At the beginning of the 20th century, the movement finally reached its peak. The outbreak of World War I diverted much of America's energy and financial resources, and the settlement movement was thwarted. After the war, major changes in the US domestic environment led to the inevitable decline of the movement. Conclusion: the resettlement movement is an important part of modern American social reform. It not only helped the poor with a new aid model, changed the minds of a group of young people, but also strengthened the determination of the public to fight social injustice to the end. Finally, many of its rescue methods and ideas are worthy of our reference.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：內(nèi)蒙古大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：K712.5
本文編號(hào)：2176073
[Abstract]:At the end of the 19 th century and the beginning of the 20 th century, American monopoly capitalism developed rapidly. The increase in economic and military power has made it the world's number one capitalist country. But this period is also the transition period of the United States. At the turn of the century, the United States is changing from agricultural society to industrial society, from free capitalism to monopoly capitalism. With a series of great changes, the United States has created serious social problems. For example, the influx of immigrants led to cultural barriers, municipal corruption led to poor conditions, poverty and congestion led to moral deterioration, lack of laws led to market chaos. Faced with the heavy social problems, a group of middle-class intellectuals launched several reform movements in order to build a reasonable national order and maintain fairness and justice. The resettlement movement is one of the important reforms. Most of the movement was led by educated middle-class women of good origin and higher education who set up settlements in response to the urban slums, the poor's lack of security of living and the lack of education for their children. Promote the spirit of humanitarianism, provide relief to the poor and fight for their rights through social reform. The resettlement movement has a positive impact on American society. The study of the rise, development and decline of this movement is helpful for us to understand more deeply the American folk relief methods and the reform track. This thesis is divided into four parts: introduction, text, conclusion and references. The text is divided into three chapters. The first chapter discusses the background of the resettlement movement. At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the American economy developed rapidly, the second scientific and technological revolution directly promoted its industrialization and urbanization process, a new social form has been displayed. But this time is also the transformation of American society, the influx of a large number of foreign immigrants caused urban congestion and cultural barriers, the huge gap between the rich and the poor and corrupt municipal administration make the whole society full of contradictions. A group of people of insight began to reflect and initiate social change. The second chapter discusses the rise of resettlement movement. The movement originated in England and then expanded in the United States, with its leaders setting up representative settlements in large American cities. These settlements provide assistance to the poor, from universal education, kindergarten to practical skills training. The third chapter discusses the development and decline of resettlement. With the need of the situation, the scope of the movement expanded to promote the reform of the system, from the improvement of housing conditions to the protection of immigrants and blacks, from the struggle for entertainment for the public to protect the child workers of female workers. At the beginning of the 20th century, the movement finally reached its peak. The outbreak of World War I diverted much of America's energy and financial resources, and the settlement movement was thwarted. After the war, major changes in the US domestic environment led to the inevitable decline of the movement. Conclusion: the resettlement movement is an important part of modern American social reform. It not only helped the poor with a new aid model, changed the minds of a group of young people, but also strengthened the determination of the public to fight social injustice to the end. Finally, many of its rescue methods and ideas are worthy of our reference.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：內(nèi)蒙古大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：K712.5
【參考文獻(xiàn)】
相關(guān)期刊論文 前4條
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4 李月娥;新女性與美國(guó)社區(qū)改良運(yùn)動(dòng)的興起[J];中華女子學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào);2005年03期
，本文編號(hào)：2176073
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