【摘要】：磨坊是中世紀(jì)西歐社會(huì)一道獨(dú)特的風(fēng)景,是當(dāng)時(shí)最常見(jiàn)的一種動(dòng)力設(shè)施。馬拉磨,手推磨,水磨,風(fēng)磨等普遍存在于中世紀(jì)人們的生活中,其中水力坊以其更高的生產(chǎn)效率和收益而得到最廣泛的應(yīng)用。水力坊并非中世紀(jì)西歐社會(huì)土生土長(zhǎng)的,它是在借鑒了古羅馬、中國(guó)、伊斯蘭社會(huì)的技術(shù)革新的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展起來(lái)的。在中世紀(jì)的西歐,水力作為動(dòng)力應(yīng)用的程度和范圍迅速擴(kuò)展,從日常生活中碾磨谷物到工業(yè)上漂洗呢絨,鞣革,搗碎紙漿,鼓動(dòng)風(fēng)箱,粉碎礦石,攪煉生鐵等許多生產(chǎn)過(guò)程,均可看見(jiàn)流水驅(qū)動(dòng)水輪旋轉(zhuǎn)的身影。一定程度上講,水力這一動(dòng)力能源的應(yīng)用代表了中世紀(jì)技術(shù)革新的潛力,產(chǎn)生了重要影響。13、14世紀(jì)水力坊在呢絨漂洗工業(yè)中的應(yīng)用,被著名的中世紀(jì)史專(zhuān)家卡勒斯-威爾遜看作是一場(chǎng)工業(yè)革命,一場(chǎng)給英格蘭毛紡織業(yè)生產(chǎn)格局帶來(lái)重大影響的革命。中世紀(jì)晚期,水力動(dòng)力廣泛應(yīng)用于工業(yè)生產(chǎn)部門(mén),開(kāi)啟了水力時(shí)代的大門(mén)。至工業(yè)革命前期,即蒸汽動(dòng)力廣泛應(yīng)用之前,水力仍是工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的主要?jiǎng)恿?其對(duì)西歐經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的意義可見(jiàn)一斑。 本文按照時(shí)間演進(jìn)的序列,以水力坊功能的擴(kuò)展為基點(diǎn),以羅馬和中國(guó)水力坊的應(yīng)用為參照,對(duì)中世紀(jì)至近代早期西歐水力坊的發(fā)展,水力動(dòng)力的廣泛應(yīng)用作一歷史考察。論文主要分為中世紀(jì)的水力坊、水力漂洗坊的應(yīng)用及意義、水力動(dòng)力革命與“水力時(shí)代”三大部分進(jìn)行論述。 第一章為“中世紀(jì)的水力坊”,梳理中世紀(jì)西歐尤其是英格蘭水力坊的發(fā)展脈絡(luò)。以羅馬時(shí)期水力坊的應(yīng)用為背景,以中國(guó)古代社會(huì)水車(chē)的使用為參照,對(duì)中世紀(jì)的水力坊,特別是這一時(shí)期廣泛用于碾磨谷物的水力谷物坊進(jìn)行詳細(xì)論述。著重論述中世紀(jì)西歐磨坊產(chǎn)業(yè)的結(jié)構(gòu)及其投資、運(yùn)作模式,闡釋領(lǐng)主與佃農(nóng)圍繞磨坊義務(wù)而展開(kāi)的爭(zhēng)吵與妥協(xié),透過(guò)谷物坊這一獨(dú)特視角,更全面地了解中世紀(jì)西歐經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r。 第二章重點(diǎn)闡述水力漂洗坊的應(yīng)用及其意義。中世紀(jì)晚期水力坊的功能從糧食加工部門(mén)延伸至工業(yè)生產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域,其中以水力漂洗坊應(yīng)用最為廣泛。水力漂洗機(jī)的廣泛應(yīng)用,不僅使漂洗工序自身發(fā)生變革,也在一定程度上改變了英格蘭毛紡織業(yè)的生產(chǎn)格局,城市毛紡中心衰落,鄉(xiāng)村工業(yè)蓬勃發(fā)展。與此同時(shí),領(lǐng)主在漂洗坊中推行磨坊義務(wù),強(qiáng)制人們到領(lǐng)主磨坊中漂洗呢絨,爭(zhēng)端不斷。通過(guò)對(duì)水力漂洗機(jī)的應(yīng)用及圍繞機(jī)械漂洗所引發(fā)的磨坊爭(zhēng)端的闡述,梳理水力漂洗坊的發(fā)展脈絡(luò),更深刻地理解技術(shù)革新對(duì)工業(yè)生產(chǎn)發(fā)展的重要意義。 第三章闡述水力動(dòng)力的廣泛應(yīng)用及其產(chǎn)生的重要影響。中世紀(jì)晚期是西歐廣泛應(yīng)用水力動(dòng)力的時(shí)代,水力應(yīng)用的過(guò)程是水力坊不斷進(jìn)行技術(shù)革新的過(guò)程,同時(shí)也是其向更多生產(chǎn)部門(mén)滲透的過(guò)程。水力坊自身的技術(shù)革新,主要包括水力控制系統(tǒng)的完善、水輪等機(jī)械的改良。技術(shù)革新推動(dòng)了水力應(yīng)用范圍的擴(kuò)展,直至18世紀(jì)的英格蘭,仍主要依靠水力來(lái)驅(qū)動(dòng)鞣皮機(jī)、磨盤(pán)、鋸床、風(fēng)箱等運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。工業(yè)革命前期水力仍是新發(fā)明的棉紡織業(yè)機(jī)械的主要?jiǎng)恿Α?結(jié)語(yǔ)部分梳理水力坊發(fā)展的歷史脈絡(luò),并將之與中世紀(jì)西歐的經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)背景相聯(lián)系,總結(jié)其在中世紀(jì)西歐社會(huì)中的地位,以及它對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展特別是毛紡織業(yè)發(fā)展的重要作用,由此對(duì)水力動(dòng)力的廣泛應(yīng)用及其對(duì)整個(gè)西歐社會(huì)的影響進(jìn)行概括性的闡釋,揭示水力作為蒸汽動(dòng)力出現(xiàn)之前的主要?jiǎng)恿υ吹闹匾饬x。
[Abstract]:The mill was a unique landscape in the Western European Society of the middle ages. It was the most common power facility at that time. Mala mill, hand grinding, water mill, and wind mill were widely used in medieval people's life, in which the hydraulic workshop was most widely used for its higher productivity and profit. The hydraulic workshop was not a native of Medieval Western European society. It was developed on the basis of the technological innovation of ancient Rome, China, and Islamic society. In Medieval Western Europe, the extent and scope of hydraulic power used in Western Europe expanded rapidly, from grinding grain to industry in daily life to rinse woolen, tanning leather, mashing pulp, stirring the wind box, crushing ore, stirring pig iron and many other students. To a certain extent, the application of power energy, to a certain extent, represents the potential of medieval technological innovation, producing an important impact on the application of the.13,14 century hydraulic mill in the woolen rinsing industry, which is regarded as an industrial revolution by the famous medieval historian, Carlos Wilson. In the late medieval period, hydraulic power was widely applied to the industrial production department and opened the gate of the hydraulic age. Before the early industrial revolution, when the steam power was widely used, hydraulic power was still the main motive force of industrial production and its significance to the economic development of Western Europe. See a spot.
In accordance with the sequence of time evolution, this paper takes the expansion of hydraulic workshop as the base point. Taking the application of Rome and China Hydraulic workshop as reference, this paper makes a historical survey on the development of hydraulic mills in Western Europe from the Middle Ages to early modern times and the extensive application of hydraulic power. The paper is mainly divided into medieval hydraulic mills, the application and significance of hydraulic rinse mills, and hydraulic movement. The three parts of the force revolution and the "water age" are discussed.
The first chapter is the "medieval hydraulic workshop", combing the development of the Medieval Western Europe, especially the England waterpower mill. Taking the application of the Rome waterpower mill as the background and referring to the use of the ancient Chinese social water trucks, the hydraulic mills in the middle ages, especially the waterpower mills, which were widely used for grinding grain in this period, were discussed in detail. The structure of the mill industry in Medieval Western Europe and its investment, operation mode, and the quarrel and compromise between the owner and the tenant farmers around the mill obligations were explained, and the economic and social development of the Medieval Western Europe was fully understood through the unique perspective of the grain workshop.
The second chapter focuses on the application and significance of hydraulic rinse mill. In the late Middle Ages, the function of hydraulic workshop was extended from grain processing department to industrial production field. The application of hydraulic rinse mill was the most widely used. The wide application of hydraulic rinse machine not only changed the rinsing process itself, but also changed England woolen to a certain extent. The production pattern of the textile industry, the decline of the urban woolen center and the flourishing development of the rural industry. At the same time, the owner carried out the mill duty in the rinse mill to force the people to rinse the woolen in the main mill. The development of the hydraulic rinse mill was combed through the application of the hydraulic rinse machine and the mill dispute over the mechanical rinsing. Context, a deeper understanding of the importance of technological innovation to industrial production development.
The third chapter expounds the extensive application of hydraulic power and its important influence. In the late Middle Ages, it was the time of extensive application of hydraulic power in Western Europe. The process of hydraulic application was the process of continuous technological innovation in the hydraulic workshop, and it was also the process of permeating to more production departments. The technical innovation of the water power workshop, mainly including hydraulic control, was the process of the hydraulic power plant. The improvement of the system, the improvement of the water wheel and other machinery. The technological innovation promoted the expansion of the hydraulic application range. Until the eighteenth Century England, the main power of the newly invented cotton textile machinery was to drive the tanning machine, the grinding disc, the sawing machine and the bellows.
The concluding part combs the historical context of the development of the hydraulic workshop and links it with the economic and social background of Western Europe in the middle ages, summarizes its position in the Western European Society in the middle ages, and its important role in the development of the economic development, especially the development of the wool textile industry, and the wide application of the hydraulic power and its influence on the whole western European society. A general interpretation reveals the importance of hydraulic power as the main power source before the emergence of steam power.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：天津師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：K503;K504

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