【摘要】： “借貸”一詞產(chǎn)生于私有制出現(xiàn)以后,在東西方都有著悠久的歷史。借貸資本來源于商人、宗教機(jī)構(gòu)和官吏,主要運(yùn)用于生活和生產(chǎn)消費(fèi),在一定程度上為債務(wù)人提供了便利,同時(shí)也為放貸人賺取利潤提供了可能。 西歐歷史上最早從事大規(guī)模信貸業(yè)務(wù)的是猶太人。這是由于基督徒們很少參與高利貸事務(wù),而猶太人則不受基督教禁止高利貸的法律限制。隨著商業(yè)活動的不斷發(fā)展,西歐社會中又出現(xiàn)了越來越多的資金借貸需求。于是,猶太人便自然而然地填補(bǔ)了這一空白。但是猶太人借貸所獲豐厚的財(cái)富很快便引起了王侯貴族們的垂涎,他們最終以各種名目向猶太人征收高額稅款來榨取猶太人的資本,甚至將猶太人驅(qū)逐出境。猶太人的奇思妙想解決了日耳曼世界里的種種問題,最終被日耳曼人所借鑒。借貸活動在西歐民間得到盛行。從亨利二世開始出現(xiàn)了對國王借貸活動的記載,借貸的原因往往是為了應(yīng)付連年的戰(zhàn)爭、行政費(fèi)用以及宮廷的巨額供給。因?yàn)殡S著社會經(jīng)濟(jì)的不斷發(fā)展,國王的王領(lǐng)收入以及各項(xiàng)特權(quán)收入已經(jīng)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)無法應(yīng)付日益增長的各項(xiàng)開支。再加上英國傳統(tǒng)中的“有限王權(quán)”理念使得英國的賦稅征收體系很不完善,國王必須通過議會的批準(zhǔn)才能征收稅款,征收時(shí)間往往很長,款額不多,無法應(yīng)付緊急情況。于是,借貸這種新的籌款方式便在王室中開始被廣泛應(yīng)用。 從愛德華一世開始,國王開始系統(tǒng)地利用借貸這一理財(cái)方法。為了獲得貸款,國王不惜將一些商業(yè)特權(quán)賦予借款給國王的銀行家或者商人。能夠?yàn)閲跆峁┵J款的人員主要包括：意大利銀行、本國商人、教會和修道院。除了收取巨額的利息以外,通過向國王提供貸款,他們還可以掌握英國許多商業(yè)壟斷特權(quán),比如：羊毛的出口關(guān)稅。國王往往以關(guān)稅作為擔(dān)保而向其進(jìn)行借貸,這樣既可以貸到不足之款,又避免了由于官員瀆職或貪婪而造成的關(guān)稅管理漏洞。為了與外國商人爭奪商業(yè)壟斷特權(quán),本國商人在個(gè)人資金不夠雄厚的前提下,紛紛組成辛迪加集體為國王提供貸款,而教會和修道院為國王提供貸款的目的主要是為了獲得廉價(jià)的地產(chǎn)。 在國王與意大利銀行以及本國商人之間的交易中,國王永遠(yuǎn)把握著主動權(quán)。他們曾經(jīng)也有過非常甜蜜的時(shí)期,但最終的關(guān)系都以利益的失衡而宣告終結(jié)。些意大利銀行因此而破產(chǎn),本國商人也認(rèn)識到了貸款給國王的危險(xiǎn)性。當(dāng)黑死病襲擊英國以后,英國的經(jīng)濟(jì)受到了嚴(yán)重的沖擊。同時(shí),由于貿(mào)易結(jié)構(gòu)的轉(zhuǎn)型,英國的關(guān)稅大幅降低了。國王的借貸活動因此而受到了阻礙,并于1485年宣布結(jié)束。 縱觀中世紀(jì)英國歷代國王的借貸活動,國王通過借貸緩解了財(cái)政困難,但同時(shí)也喪失了很多既得利益,比如關(guān)稅收益的喪失、羊毛壟斷權(quán)等,加之,君主們的貸款數(shù)額往往十分巨大,很難一次性償還,不得不采取從其他地方另行借貸來補(bǔ)充的方式進(jìn)行償還,這就造成了國王借貸的擴(kuò)大化。然而這一行為卻無形中為英國壟斷資本的發(fā)展提供了可能。國王向國內(nèi)商人的借貸行為促進(jìn)了英國羊毛貿(mào)易“集散地”制度的發(fā)展,愛德華二世也因此被稱為英國的“集散地之父”。
[Abstract]:After the emergence of the private system, the word "loan" has a long history in both East and West. The loan capital is derived from businessmen, religious institutions and officials, mainly used in life and production and consumption, to some extent, provides the convenience for the debtors, and also provides the possibility for the lenders to make a profit.
The first large credit business in Western Europe was Jewish. This is because Christians are rarely involved in usury, while Jews are not subject to the legal restrictions on the prohibition of usury. With the continuous development of commercial activities, more and more money and loan needs have emerged in Western European society. Thus, the Jews are natural. But the rich wealth of the Jewish people's loan was soon caused by the covetous of the princes and nobles, who eventually levied high taxes on the Jews to extract the Jews' capital and even expel the Jews. It was used by the Germanic people. Borrowing activities were popular in Western Europe. From Henry II, the records of the king's lending activities were recorded. The reasons for borrowing were often to cope with the years of war, the administrative expenses and the huge supply of the court. Privileged income is far from being able to cope with growing expenses. In addition, the "limited Royalty" concept in the British tradition makes the tax collection system in Britain imperfect, and the king must be able to levy taxes through the approval of the parliament, which is often long, not much, and unable to cope with the emergency. The way of fundraising began to be widely used in the royal family.
From the beginning of Edward I, the king began to systematically use the financial method of borrowing. In order to obtain loans, the king did not hesitate to give some commercial privileges to the banker or businessman who borrowed money to the king. The people who could provide loans for the king include the Bank of Italy, the native businessmen, the church and the monastery. In addition to providing loans to the king, they can also master many British commercial monopoly privileges, such as the export tariff of wool. The king often borrows from the king with a tariff as a guarantee, so that it can not only borrow the money, but also avoid the tariff management loopholes caused by official malfeasance or greed. In the contention of commercial monopoly privileges, the native businessmen, under the premise of insufficient personal capital, formed a group of syndicated collectives to provide loans to the king, and the purpose of the church and the monastery to provide the king with loans was mainly to obtain cheap property.
In the trade between the king and the Bank of Italy and the merchant of his own country, the king always grasped the initiative. They had had a very sweet period, but the final relationship ended with the imbalance of interest. Some of the banks of Italy went bankrupt, and the domestic businessmen realized the danger of lending to the king. When the Black Death attacked. The British economy had been badly hit by Britain after the attack. At the same time, British tariffs were greatly reduced due to the transition of the trade structure. The king's lending activities were hindered and announced in 1485.
Looking through the lending activities of the kings in the medieval England, the king relieved financial difficulties by borrowing, but at the same time it lost a lot of vested interests, such as the loss of customs revenue, the monopoly of wool and so on. In addition, the amount of the monarchs' loans was often very large and difficult to be repaid in one time and had to be supplemented from other places. The way to repay, which resulted in the enlargement of the king's lending, was invisible to the possibility of the development of British monopoly capital. The king's borrowing from domestic merchants promoted the development of the "distributed land" system in the British wool trade, and Edward S was therefore called the "father of the United Kingdom".
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：F835.61;K561.3

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