【摘要】：本文將借用敘事學(xué)的理論,以《歷史》中的四個(gè)神諭故事為例,考察希羅多德如何敘述歷史,并探討神諭在其文本敘事中的作用。 從呂底亞故事來看,希羅多德應(yīng)用預(yù)述、倒述、緩述和重述等多種手法來敘事,這些都以神諭的應(yīng)驗(yàn)為前提。因此,他在敘述中呈現(xiàn)的是相信神諭的態(tài)度。但當(dāng)今一些學(xué)者從歷史考證的角度指出,希羅多德所引用的神諭大多是不真實(shí)的。然而,如若回到古希臘的語境中,我們就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn),希羅多德記載的神諭故事是大眾所認(rèn)可的“真實(shí)”過去。另外,他的敘事話語中還有許多以人為中心的歷史敘述與分析。 從庫列涅殖民故事來看,希羅多德分別從特拉人和庫列涅人這兩個(gè)視角進(jìn)行敘說。盡管其中涉及的都是神諭如何應(yīng)驗(yàn)的經(jīng)過,但他們的記憶卻不一致,這與各自不同的地方傳說有關(guān)。通過不同視角的展示,我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)隱含的歷史：特拉想要保持子邦與自已的從屬關(guān)系；庫列涅卻追求獨(dú)立自主的發(fā)展。希羅多德采用多重視角的原因有兩個(gè)：一是無法對(duì)已植入口述傳統(tǒng)中的神諭作出判斷；二是沒有受到庫列涅歷史或現(xiàn)實(shí)政治的影響。 從科林斯僭主的故事來看,其中有不同的敘述者與受述者。從神諭本身來看,敘述者是皮提婭女祭司,受述者是科林斯貴族。人們?cè)讷@得神諭后反應(yīng)如下：埃愛提昂滿足于求得子嗣；巴齊斯家族試圖加害這個(gè)孩子；庫普賽洛斯攻取科林斯成為僭主。從故事的演說語境來看,敘述者是索克列斯,受述者是伯羅奔尼撒同盟的盟友。索克列斯通過這個(gè)故事成功說服了盟友不要恢復(fù)雅典的僭主制。從全文來看,敘述者是希羅多德,受述者是讀者。一方面,希羅多德將演說的內(nèi)容展示在讀者面前,邀請(qǐng)讀者來自主解讀；另一方面,他表述了對(duì)僭主制的看法,即僭主制位于“自由”的對(duì)立面。 從木墻神諭故事來看,希羅多德在敘述中使用了不同人稱。第一人稱評(píng)論是希羅多德對(duì)雅典的評(píng)價(jià);皮提婭與雅典人的直接對(duì)話再現(xiàn)了當(dāng)時(shí)的場(chǎng)景,便利地呈現(xiàn)了神諭；第三人稱敘述展示了后續(xù)內(nèi)容,尤其是引入重要人物地米斯托克利。值得注意的是,第一人稱介入顯現(xiàn)了希羅多德的聲音,對(duì)話場(chǎng)景和第三人稱敘述隱藏了他的聲音,但都表現(xiàn)出對(duì)雅典的贊賞。此外,他在文本中突出雅典人在希波戰(zhàn)爭中為希臘自由所做的貢獻(xiàn),這反襯了“當(dāng)時(shí)代”雅典奴役他國的行為。 以上神諭故事體現(xiàn)出各自不同的特點(diǎn),但都以神諭的應(yīng)驗(yàn)為前提。換言之,希羅多德以神諭及其應(yīng)驗(yàn)來構(gòu)筑此類敘事。需要注意的是,他不是在提供頌揚(yáng)神諭的傳說,而是記載人類過去的事跡。
[Abstract]:Based on the theory of narratology and taking the four oracle stories in History as an example, this paper examines how Herodotus narrates history and explores the role of the oracle in the narration of his text. According to the story of Lydia, Herodotus uses many techniques, such as prescription, inversion, summarization and restatement, which are based on the fulfillment of the oracle. Thus, in his narration he presents an attitude of believing in the oracle. However, some scholars point out that most of the oracles quoted by Herodotus are untrue. However, if we go back to the Greek context, we will find that Herodotus's oracle story is a popular "true" past. In addition, there are many human-centered historical narration and analysis in his narrative discourse. From the colonial story of Curigne, Herodotus narrates from the perspectives of the Tlatans and the Coulinians, respectively. Although they are concerned with how the oracle is fulfilled, their memories are not consistent, which is related to different local legends. Through the display of different perspectives, we can find hidden history: Tara wants to maintain the subordinate relationship between the sub-states and himself, while Kurenne pursues independent development. There are two reasons for Herodotus' adoption of multiple perspectives: one is the inability to judge the oracle which has been implanted in the oral tradition; the other is that he is not influenced by the history or realistic politics of Curegne. From the story of Collins tyrant, there are different narrators and narrators. From the oracle itself, the narrator is the Pittia priestess, and the narrator is the Corinth aristocrat. After receiving the oracle, the people reacted as follows: Etion was content to get an heir; the Basis family tried to injure the child; and Kupthelos captured Collins as the tyrant. In the context of the story, the narrator is Sokreus and the narrator is an ally of the Peloponnesian League. Through this story, Sokreus succeeded in persuading allies not to restore the Athenian tyrant. From the full text, the narrator is Herodotus, the narrator is the reader. On the one hand, Herodotus presents the content of the speech to the reader, inviting the reader to come from the main interpretation; on the other hand, he expresses his view of the tyrant system, that is, the blasphemy is the opposite of "freedom". From the story of the Wood Wall oracle, Herodotus uses different people in his narration. The first person comment is Herodotus' assessment of Athens; the direct dialogue between Pithia and the Athenians reproduces the scene and conveniently presents the oracle; the third person narration shows what follows. In particular, the introduction of important people to the Mistokley. It is worth noting that the first person intervention shows Herodotus's voice, the dialogue scene and the third person narration hide his voice, but all show the appreciation to Athens. In addition, he highlights the Athenian contribution to Greece's freedom in the Hippo War, which contrasts the "era" of Athens's enslavement of other countries. The above oracle stories reflect their different characteristics, but they are based on the fulfillment of the oracle. In other words, Herodotus constructed such narratives with the oracle and its fulfillment. It is important to note that he is not providing legends to glorify the oracle, but to record the past of mankind.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：復(fù)旦大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：K12

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相關(guān)期刊論文 前3條

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本文編號(hào)：2138921