本文選題：德川 + 時代��； 參考：《吉林大學》2004年碩士論文

【摘要】：日本受西方現(xiàn)代化沖擊波的影響，1868年幕府政權(quán)被推翻，宣告了現(xiàn)代化根本改革階段的到來。為什么日本能夠卷入現(xiàn)代化浪潮之中，并成為西方現(xiàn)代化主流之外的成功范例？在非西方國家中，日本的成功并不能歸因于人們所想象的日本人所具有的某種神秘的模仿能力，而要歸因于為日后發(fā)展奠定了基礎的前現(xiàn)代時期中的某些因素。換言之，進入現(xiàn)代社會之前的德川時代，是否存在著發(fā)展現(xiàn)代化的有利條件呢？因此本文將日本德川時代作為分析對象，結(jié)合馬克思主義經(jīng)典理論所提倡的社會結(jié)構(gòu)理論，考察德川時代社會結(jié)構(gòu)及思想的變遷。通過對德川時代領(lǐng)主經(jīng)濟向市場經(jīng)濟的轉(zhuǎn)變、身份等級制的松動、幕藩體制的調(diào)整與政治、經(jīng)濟及社會思想發(fā)展軌跡等方面的描述與梳理，分析德川時代社會結(jié)構(gòu)及思想變遷的動力、影響與結(jié)果，發(fā)掘德川時代孕含著哪些日本發(fā)展現(xiàn)代化的有利條件，從而探尋日本走向現(xiàn)代化的基礎。 本文第一章從商品經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展、對外貿(mào)易的增長以及全國市場的建立等幾個方面梳理德川時代社會經(jīng)濟結(jié)構(gòu)的變化。 德川時代是日本封建統(tǒng)治的最后階段，它以封建小農(nóng)經(jīng)濟為基礎，實行封建領(lǐng)主經(jīng)濟制度。德川幕府繼承了豐臣秀吉的檢地與兵農(nóng)分離政策，確立了農(nóng)民對土地的占有權(quán)，使農(nóng)村中的基本生產(chǎn)關(guān)系成為領(lǐng)主對農(nóng)民直接的剝削關(guān)系。在經(jīng)濟分配關(guān)系中，德川幕府實行“石高分封制”，將軍把土地分封給大名（領(lǐng)主），大名要承擔對將軍的政治與軍事義務。領(lǐng)主們對土地實施管理職能，收取土地的產(chǎn)出—石高。 德川前期，封建領(lǐng)主經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展中已經(jīng)孕含著大量的商品經(jīng)濟成分。隨著農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)力的提高，領(lǐng)主收取石高貢租并將其兌換成貨幣以滿足財政 WP=64 和生活需要，他們要求農(nóng)民種植棉花、煙草、油菜籽等經(jīng)濟作物，因而使農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)日益商品化，手工業(yè)也發(fā)展起來。 德川幕府實行三幣制度，統(tǒng)一了度量衡。這個時期人口快速增長，土地得到開墾，城市日益繁榮，全國交通網(wǎng)絡也建立起來，盡管實施閉關(guān)鎖國政策，但對外貿(mào)易仍然在增長。隨著商品生產(chǎn)、流通的擴大，生產(chǎn)地域性分工的加強，商品經(jīng)濟呈現(xiàn)為無可爭議的增長趨勢，17世紀末以大阪為中心的全國市場建立起來，不可避免地使領(lǐng)主經(jīng)濟向市場經(jīng)濟轉(zhuǎn)變。 本文第二章著眼于商品經(jīng)濟發(fā)展而引起的社會關(guān)系領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的變化。社會分配領(lǐng)域內(nèi)出現(xiàn)了新矛盾，新的社會經(jīng)濟組織和商業(yè)豪門活躍于經(jīng)濟生活當中，從而引起身份等級結(jié)構(gòu)的變化。 德川時代社會等級結(jié)構(gòu)主要表現(xiàn)為士、農(nóng)、工、商構(gòu)成的身份等級制度。武士屬于統(tǒng)治階層，他們擁有很多特權(quán)，可以擔任官職、受領(lǐng)俸祿，絕對服從權(quán)威。農(nóng)民是被統(tǒng)治階層的重要組成部分，農(nóng)民中的“本百姓”必須向領(lǐng)主繳納地租，構(gòu)成領(lǐng)主的權(quán)力基礎。町人乃工商業(yè)階層，集中于城下町，專門從事工商業(yè)活動。町人在身份等級制度中所處的位置是四民之末，他們在經(jīng)濟生活中是專為領(lǐng)主階層服務的附庸。除了四民之外，還包括社會最底層無任何政治權(quán)利的賤民。 在日本，身份有著極其重要的意義。人們以忠誠為紐帶結(jié)成范圍大小不同的集體，并必須對自身所屬的集體作出承諾，因此身份等級制度規(guī)范著社會人群的組織方式。 隨著商品經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展，引發(fā)了社會分配結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)的新矛盾，武士日趨貧 困，而町人財富卻日益增長。由于町人在經(jīng)濟活動中積累了大量財富，他們開始從事信貸業(yè)，并建立起帶有早期壟斷性質(zhì)的經(jīng)濟組織—批發(fā)商公會，成為商業(yè)豪門。這些變化導致德川時代固有的身份等級制度發(fā)生松動， WP=65 武士町人化與町人武士化現(xiàn)象出現(xiàn)，養(yǎng)子制度日益盛行加劇了武士階層的流動性；商品經(jīng)濟滲入農(nóng)村導致土地所有關(guān)系發(fā)生變化，農(nóng)村中出現(xiàn)了地主階層，農(nóng)民身份發(fā)生了兩極分化。許多農(nóng)民參與商品生產(chǎn)，遷移到城鎮(zhèn)而成為手工業(yè)者或者商人，農(nóng)村的家庭結(jié)構(gòu)也在發(fā)生變化。因此社會各階層的流動性增強。 本文第三章主要考察了德川時代武家政治的特征，分析幕藩體制下政權(quán)組織形式的結(jié)構(gòu)性矛盾，這個矛盾導致幕藩體制必須進行社會改革和調(diào)整。 日本的幕藩體制是武家政治之大成。將軍對土地擁有最終領(lǐng)有權(quán)，實行集權(quán)與分權(quán)相結(jié)合的政治制度，以不可逾越的身份等級制度規(guī)范社會組織，并采取閉關(guān)自守的外交政策。 將軍通過領(lǐng)地分封掌控全國的政治、經(jīng)濟和軍事權(quán)力，對國家進行集權(quán)統(tǒng)治。各個領(lǐng)受封地的大名在自己的藩國內(nèi)則享有最高君主權(quán)。德川中后期商品經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展，，引發(fā)了幕府和各藩的財政危機，而當時社會思想的傳播則引起了價值取向的變化，導致這種集權(quán)與分權(quán)相結(jié)合的政權(quán)組織形式也產(chǎn)生了矛盾，促使幕府統(tǒng)治者必須對社會進行調(diào)整。1716-1845年間共進行了三次社會改革，即享保改革（1716-1735）、寬政改革（1789-1800）和天保改革（1830-1845），但是除享保改革取得一些比較積極的成效外，其他兩次改革均以失敗告終。幕藩體制正在走向歷史的盡頭。 本文第四章關(guān)注的是政治、經(jīng)濟以及宗教、倫理思想的變遷，從中追尋它們對傳統(tǒng)的繼承與超越，以及對社會政治、經(jīng)濟理性化的規(guī)范作用。 德川時代的社會價值觀集中體現(xiàn)在這個時期的政治、經(jīng)濟和宗教、倫理觀念之中。儒學東傳日本后發(fā)生分解，使德川時代成為思想?yún)R聚的淵藪， WP=66 朱子學、陽明學、
[Abstract]:Japan, influenced by the shock wave of western modernization, was overthrown in the shogunate regime in 1868, announces the arrival of the fundamental reform stage of modernization. Why can Japan be involved in the tide of modernization and become a successful example of the mainstream of western modernization? In non western countries, Japan's success is not attributable to the imagined Japan. People have some kind of mysterious ability to imitate, but it is attributable to some factors in the pre modern period that laid the foundation for the future development. In other words, is there a favorable condition for the development of modernization in the Tokchon era before entering modern society? Therefore, this paper takes the era of Tokchon in Japan as an object of analysis, and combines Marx's doctrine. The social structure theory advocated by the classical theory examines the changes in the social structure and thought of the times of Tokchon. It describes and combs the social structure of the times of Tokchon through the description and combing of the transformation of the Lord's economy in the times of Tokchon to the market economy, the loosening of the system of identity, the adjustment of the vassal vassal system and the development of the political, economic and social thoughts. And the impetus of the change of thought, the influence and the result, and discover the favorable conditions for the development and modernization of Japan in the age of Tokchon, so as to explore the basis of Japan's modernization.
The first chapter reviews the changes in the social and economic structure of Tokchon in terms of the development of commodity economy, the growth of foreign trade and the establishment of the national market.
The age of Tokchon was the last stage of the feudal rule of Japan. It was based on the feudal smallholder economy and carried out the feudal lord's economic system. Tokugawa Shogunate inherited the policy of Toyotomi Hideyoshi's separation of land from the peasants and peasants, established the peasants' right to occupy the land, and made the basic production in the countryside a direct exploitation relationship between the peasants and the peasants. In the relationship of economic distribution, Tokugawa Shogunate carried out the system of "Shi Gao division". The general closed the land to the name of the big name (the Lord). The name of the general was to bear the political and military obligations to the general. The Lords carried out the management functions of the land and collected the output of the land.
In the early period of Tokchon, the economic development of the feudal lords had already contained a large number of commodity economic components. With the increase of agricultural productivity, the Lord collected the rents of Shi Gao Gong and converted them into money to meet the finance.
WP=64
And living needs, they asked farmers to grow cotton, tobacco, rapeseed and other cash crops, thus making agricultural production more and more commercialized and handicraft industry developing.
The Tokugawa Shogunate system carried out the three currency system and unified the measure and balance. This period of rapid population growth, land reclamation, urban prosperity, and the establishment of the national traffic network. Despite the implementation of the policy of closing the country, the foreign trade is still growing. With the production of commodities, the expansion of circulation and the strengthening of the regional division of labor, the commodity economy presents. For the indisputable growth trend, the establishment of the national market centered on Osaka in the late seventeenth Century inevitably led to the transformation of the Lord economy to a market economy.
The second chapter of this article focuses on the changes in the social relations caused by the development of commodity economy. There are new contradictions in the field of social distribution, and the new social and economic organizations and business men are active in the economic life, thus causing the change of the identity hierarchy.
The hierarchical structure of the social hierarchy in the times of Tokchon is mainly represented by the rank system of men, farmers, workers and merchants. The warriors belong to the ruling class. They have a lot of privileges, they can serve as official posts, receive salaries, and obey the authority absolutely. The peasants are an important part of the ruling class. The "people" among the peasants must pay the land rent to the Lord, and constitute the collar. The power base of the master. Macho is a business class, concentrated in the city of CHO, specializing in industrial and commercial activities. The position of macho in the status hierarchy is the end of the four people. In their economic life, they are the appendages for the service of the Lords. Besides the four people, they also include the base of the lowest political rights of the society.
In Japan, identity is of great significance. People form a group of different sizes with loyalty as a bond, and must make a commitment to their own collective, so the identity hierarchy regulates the organization of the social crowd.
With the development of commodity economy, new contradictions have emerged in the social distribution structure, and the warriors are getting poorer.
Because of the accumulation of wealth in the economic activities, they began to engage in the credit industry and set up an early monopoly of economic organizations - wholesalers and merchants. These changes have led to the loosening of the inherent hierarchy of the Tokchon era.
WP=65
The emergence of the personalization of warrior macho and the phenomenon of macho warriors, the growing popularity of the foster child system aggravated the mobility of the warrior class; the infiltration of commodity economy into the countryside led to the change of all land relations, the landlord stratum in the countryside, and the polarization of the farmers' identity. Many farmers participated in the production of goods and migrated to the towns and became Handworkers. Or businessmen, the rural family structure is also changing, so the mobility of all sectors of society is enhanced.
The third chapter of this article mainly examines the characteristics of the politics of the Wu family in Tokchon, and analyzes the structural contradictions of the form of the political organization under the curtain of the vassal vassal system, which leads to the social reform and adjustment of the curtain vassal system.
Japan's vassal vassal system is the big formation of the Wu family politics. The general has the ultimate possession of the land, the political system combining centralization and decentralization, the insuperable identity hierarchy system to standardize the social organization, and adopt the closed diplomatic policy.
The generals managed to control the country's political, economic and military power through their territory and dominated the country. The names of all the feudal names enjoyed the highest sovereign power in their own vassal vassals. The development of the commodity economy in the middle and late period of Tokchon caused the financial crisis of the shogunate and the vassal vassals, and the spread of social thought at that time caused the value. The change that led to the combination of power and decentralization resulted in a contradiction, and the rulers of the shogunate had to adjust the society for a total of three social reforms in the.1716-1845 years, namely, the reform of enjoyment (1716-1735), the reform of the broad government (1789-1800) and the reform of the Tianbao (1830-1845). In addition to the positive results, the other two reforms ended in failure.
The fourth chapter of this article is concerned with the change of politics, economy, religion, and ethical thought, from which they pursue their inheritance and transcendence to the tradition, as well as the normative function of social politics and economic rationalization.
The social values of the times of Tokchon were concentrated on the political, economic, religious and ethical concepts of this period. After the Confucianism was passed to Japan, the age of Tokchon became the source of the gathering of ideas.
WP=66
Zhu Zixue, the study of Yangming,
【學位授予單位】：吉林大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2004
【分類號】：K313

【引證文獻】

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1 張金鳳;j口一葉的小說創(chuàng)作與她的家族觀念[D];天津師范大學;2012年

2 郭曉然;江戶時期町人階層婦女的日常生活[D];東北師范大學;2012年

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