本文選題：西歐 + 極權(quán)主義��； 參考：《華中師范大學(xué)》2007年碩士論文

【摘要】： 第一次世界大戰(zhàn)后，極權(quán)主義獨(dú)裁出現(xiàn)于西歐。極權(quán)主義獨(dú)裁的出現(xiàn)與法國(guó)大革命以后歐洲長(zhǎng)期的現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)程和獨(dú)裁政治演變過(guò)程相聯(lián)系，是西歐宏觀歷史背景與各國(guó)特殊環(huán)境相結(jié)合的產(chǎn)物。19世紀(jì)現(xiàn)代君主獨(dú)裁制的發(fā)展、在19世紀(jì)末和20世紀(jì)初的危機(jī)下興起的極端思潮和反民主理論、以及第一次世界大戰(zhàn)的災(zāi)難性影響，是導(dǎo)致極權(quán)主義獨(dú)裁出現(xiàn)的關(guān)鍵因素。 法國(guó)大革命后，傳統(tǒng)的君主專制逐漸衰落。在現(xiàn)代化潮流的影響下，現(xiàn)代君主獨(dú)裁逐漸成為西歐主流的政治體制�，F(xiàn)代君主獨(dú)裁開(kāi)辟了獨(dú)裁政權(quán)與現(xiàn)代化相結(jié)合的道路：一方面，現(xiàn)代君主獨(dú)裁政權(quán)承擔(dān)了推動(dòng)工業(yè)化的任務(wù)；另一方面，它在一定程度上采用了現(xiàn)代技術(shù)手段和現(xiàn)代政治理念作為統(tǒng)治基礎(chǔ)。極權(quán)主義獨(dú)裁將這條道路走到了極端。 19世紀(jì)末和20世紀(jì)初，快速卻不平衡的現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)程帶來(lái)了一系列的沖突與矛盾。西歐的獨(dú)裁國(guó)家，以及此時(shí)尚不夠成熟的代議民主制國(guó)家都陷入到一定的危機(jī)中，作為對(duì)危機(jī)的極端反應(yīng)的新獨(dú)裁勢(shì)力就出現(xiàn)在政治舞臺(tái)。這些獨(dú)裁勢(shì)力主要是極端民族主義者，他們反對(duì)民主政治，試圖在嚴(yán)密的獨(dú)裁體制下實(shí)現(xiàn)民族主義目標(biāo)。這種新獨(dú)裁主義思想成為極權(quán)主義獨(dú)裁理念的雛形。 第一次世界大戰(zhàn)中的戰(zhàn)時(shí)集權(quán)體制是國(guó)家全面控制社會(huì)的首次嘗試。戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)動(dòng)搖了西歐政治穩(wěn)定的基礎(chǔ)，沖擊了自由和民主的思想文化基礎(chǔ)，消除了極權(quán)主義獨(dú)裁興起的障礙。戰(zhàn)后的西歐，大眾政治進(jìn)一步發(fā)展，經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)和政治混亂不斷，，為極權(quán)主義運(yùn)動(dòng)創(chuàng)造了合適的政治、社會(huì)環(huán)境。在這樣的歷史背景下，意大利和德國(guó)的極權(quán)主義組織發(fā)揮自身相對(duì)于保守主義勢(shì)力的優(yōu)勢(shì)，利用混亂的經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)秩序，成功地建立了極權(quán)主義獨(dú)裁。 大致上可以說(shuō)，極權(quán)主義獨(dú)裁是在現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)程中的長(zhǎng)期危機(jī)和短期危機(jī)的刺激下，興起于中下層社會(huì)階級(jí)的極端民族主義對(duì)危機(jī)的極端反應(yīng)。極權(quán)主義獨(dú)裁是西歐現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)程中最惡劣的副產(chǎn)品。
[Abstract]:After World War I, totalitarian autocracy emerged in Western Europe. The emergence of totalitarian dictatorship is related to the long process of modernization and the evolution of autocratic politics in Europe after the French Revolution. It is the product of the combination of the macroscopical historical background of Western Europe and the special environment of various countries. The extreme trend of thought and anti-democracy theory which arose in the crisis of the end of 19th century and the beginning of 20th century, as well as the disastrous influence of the first World War, are the key factors leading to the emergence of totalitarian dictatorship. After the French Revolution, the traditional autocratic monarchy gradually declined. Under the influence of modernization trend, modern monarchical dictatorship has gradually become the mainstream political system in Western Europe. The modern monarchical dictatorship has opened the way for the combination of dictatorship and modernization: on the one hand, the modern monarchical dictatorship has assumed the task of promoting industrialization; on the other hand, To a certain extent, it adopts modern technical means and modern political ideas as the ruling basis. Totalitarian autocracy took this path to the extreme. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the rapid but unbalanced process of modernization led to a series of conflicts and contradictions. The autocratic states of Western Europe and the immature representative democracies are in a certain crisis. As an extreme reaction to the crisis, the new autocratic forces appear on the political stage. These autocrats are mainly ultranationalists who oppose democracy and try to achieve nationalist goals under a tight dictatorship. This kind of new autocracy thought becomes the embryonic form of totalitarianism dictatorship idea. The wartime centralization system in World War I was the first attempt by the state to control the society. The war shook the foundation of political stability in Western Europe, impacted the ideological and cultural foundation of freedom and democracy, and eliminated the obstacles to the rise of totalitarian dictatorship. After the war, the further development of popular politics, economic crisis and political chaos created a suitable political and social environment for the totalitarian movement. In this historical background, the totalitarian organizations in Italy and Germany have successfully established totalitarianism dictatorship by taking advantage of their own advantages over the conservative forces and utilizing the chaotic economic and social order. It can be said that totalitarian dictatorship is the extreme reaction to the crisis by the ultranationalism rising from the middle and lower social classes under the stimulation of the long-term and short-term crises in the process of modernization. Totalitarian dictatorship is the worst byproduct of the modernization process in Western Europe.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華中師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2007
【分類號(hào)】：K56

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