本文選題：十字軍運動 + 阿維農之囚　； 參考：《河北師范大學》2008年碩士論文

【摘要】： 這場發(fā)起于1307年的審判,對圣殿騎士團所造成的打擊是毀滅性的,也是14世紀最重要的歷史事件之一。圣殿騎士團受審的原因是復雜而多樣的,法王菲利普四世在這場審判的發(fā)起中起到了關鍵性的作用。在異端嫌疑的外衣的掩蓋之下,這場審判有著深刻的政治、經濟原因,同十字軍運動的衰落,皇權同教權的斗爭著緊密的聯(lián)系,同時也是13世紀以來西歐社會對異端的恐懼日益加重的社會背景的反映。圣殿騎士團在13世紀末的衰落的趨勢,也是探討其受審原因的過程中不可忽略的方面。 十字軍運動和圣殿騎士團的命運一直緊密的聯(lián)系在一起,圣殿騎士團也是西歐人心目中的圣地的最大保衛(wèi)者。十字軍運動的衰落特別是1291年阿克的陷落,使得圣殿騎士團在基督教世界中陷入了嚴重的危機之中。對其改造和合并的要求使得圣殿騎士團同法王產生了直接的沖突,為法王的行動提供了理由和借口。 教皇是圣殿騎士團唯一的宗主,是其最強有力的保護者,圣殿騎士團也是教皇維護教權的重要工具。13世紀末教權的衰落,使得圣殿騎士團失去了教皇的有效保護,反而,成為了法王進一步打擊教皇的犧牲品。 經濟是圣殿騎士團受審的主要原因。圣殿騎士團在西方積累的巨額財富、特別是其200年以來發(fā)展起來的龐大的金融信貸體系,使得其容易成為封建君主打擊的對象。菲利普四世財政上的長期而愈發(fā)嚴重的困難,使得其不得不想盡各種辦法聚集財富。圣殿騎士團同倫巴底商人和猶太人一樣,成為了法王打擊和剝削的對象。 異端和巫術方面的“重大嫌疑”,宗教裁判官的特別要求,為法王對圣殿騎士團逮捕行動和審問,提供了合法的依據(jù),成為了這場審判的導火索。13世紀以來的西方世界,特別是法蘭西社會對異端和巫術恐慌的加劇,宗教裁判所為法蘭西王室所控制,日趨成為政治迫害的工具的事實,都為法王利用異端審判的手段消滅圣殿騎士團,提供了必要的條件和機會。 此外,圣殿騎士團自身也存在著一系列的問題。單一的軍事和經濟功能,宗教職責的缺失,組織上的薄弱,對封建君主和教皇的過分依賴,缺乏自我保護的能力,都使得其容易成為受到打擊的對象。阿克陷落之后,其政策上的僵化、缺乏與時俱進的變化,使其進一步被削弱,最終的衰亡似乎也成為了其發(fā)展的趨勢和歷史的必然。
[Abstract]:The trial, launched in 1307, dealt a devastating blow to the Templars and was one of the most important events of the 14th century. The reasons for the order's trial were complex and varied, and King Philip IV played a key role in the initiation of the trial. Hidden under the guise of heresy, the trial had profound political and economic causes, closely linked to the decline of the crusade, the struggle between imperial and religious power, It is also a reflection of the increasing fear of heresy in Western Europe since the 13 th century. The decline of the Templar order in the end of the 13 th century is also an important aspect in the course of its trial. The fate of the Crusades and the Templars has always been closely linked, and the Templars are the greatest defenders of the holy places in Western Europe. The decline of the crusade, especially the fall of Akk in 1291, caused the order of the Templar to fall into a serious crisis in the Christian world. The request for its reform and integration made the order of the Templar conflict with the King of France directly, and provided the reason and excuse for the action of the King of France. The Pope is the only patriarch and the most powerful protector of the Templar Knights order. The Knights order is also an important tool for the Pope to defend the religious rights. The decline of religious power in the late 13th century made the Templar Knights order lose the effective protection of the Pope, on the contrary, Became the victim of the French king's further attack on the Pope. The economy was the main reason for the order's trial. The great wealth accumulated by the Templars in the West, especially its huge financial and credit system developed over the past 200 years, makes it easy to be the object of attack by feudal monarchs. Philip IV's long and growing financial difficulties forced him to do everything he could to amass his wealth. The order of Knights, like the Lombarites and Jews, was the object of attack and exploitation by the King of France. The "major suspicion" of heresy and witchcraft, and the special demands of religious magistrates, provided a legitimate basis for the King of France to arrest and interrogate the order of the Knights of the Templar, and became the trigger of the trial in the Western world since the 13th century. In particular, the increasing fear of heresy and witchcraft in French society, the fact that religious adjudication is controlled by the French royal family and is increasingly becoming a tool of political persecution, is all the use of heresy by the King of France to destroy the Knights of the Templars. The necessary conditions and opportunities are provided. In addition, the order itself also has a series of problems. A single military and economic function, a lack of religious duty, a weak organization, an overdependence on feudal monarchs and popes, and a lack of self-protection make them vulnerable to attack. After the fall of Ark, its policy became rigid, lacking the change of keeping pace with the times, which weakened it further, and the final decline seemed to be the trend of its development and the necessity of its history.
【學位授予單位】：河北師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2008
【分類號】：K13

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相關碩士學位論文 前1條

1 王向鵬;圣殿騎士團受審原因探析[D];河北師范大學;2008年

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