本文選題：門戶開放 + 美國(guó)對(duì)華政策�。� 參考：《山東師范大學(xué)》2007年碩士論文

【摘要】： 本文探討了清王朝覆亡后,美國(guó)在協(xié)調(diào)與列強(qiáng)在華利益的同時(shí),為尋求其在華利益的代理人,不斷調(diào)整對(duì)華政策以及由此給中美關(guān)系造成的影響。并試圖從美國(guó)視角考察美國(guó)調(diào)整對(duì)華關(guān)系的宏觀性戰(zhàn)略以及由此折射出的美國(guó)外交的務(wù)實(shí)傳統(tǒng)。重點(diǎn)分析美國(guó)最終選中蔣介石為其謀求在華利益代理人的原因及“寧案”在美國(guó)對(duì)華政策轉(zhuǎn)變中所起到的作用。 “門戶開放”是美國(guó)政府的大政策。美國(guó)自19世紀(jì)中期完成了在北美大陸的擴(kuò)張后,即開始謀求在太平洋地區(qū)的利益。50年代未,美國(guó)共和黨的重要骨干威廉·西沃德提出了較為完整的“太平洋商業(yè)帝國(guó)”的構(gòu)想,半個(gè)世紀(jì)后這一構(gòu)想在對(duì)華政策方面得以體現(xiàn),即美國(guó)“門戶開放”政策的提出與實(shí)施。19世紀(jì)末,帝國(guó)主義掀起了瓜分中國(guó)的狂潮,這給美國(guó)提供了實(shí)施“門戶開放”政策的契機(jī)。美國(guó)對(duì)華“門戶開放”政策的提出,標(biāo)志著美國(guó)對(duì)華政策由追隨英國(guó)的政策變?yōu)榉钚歇?dú)立的大國(guó)政策,充分反映了美國(guó)欲在遠(yuǎn)東政治舞臺(tái)上爭(zhēng)奪領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位,并在遠(yuǎn)東開辟霸業(yè)道路的意圖。“門戶開放”政策構(gòu)筑了新殖民主義的框架體系。 謀求在華利益是美國(guó)實(shí)現(xiàn)其遠(yuǎn)東霸權(quán)的關(guān)鍵所在,但作為瓜分中國(guó)利益的遲到者,美國(guó)要想在中國(guó)站穩(wěn)腳根,不得不在中國(guó)尋求實(shí)現(xiàn)其在華最大利益的代理人。面對(duì)眾多殖民列強(qiáng)在華的角逐以及中國(guó)人民的反帝反封建浪潮,如何在一個(gè)個(gè)充滿危機(jī)的政權(quán)中找到一個(gè)合適的代理人,就成為美國(guó)這一時(shí)期對(duì)華政策的難題。美國(guó)各界對(duì)此都有不同的看法與理解,他們從不同的立場(chǎng)和角度關(guān)注著中國(guó)的動(dòng)蕩局勢(shì),并從各自的利益出發(fā)提醒政府審時(shí)度勢(shì),制定和調(diào)整對(duì)華政策。因此,研究這一時(shí)期美國(guó)各界對(duì)中國(guó)時(shí)局的理解與看法,對(duì)于我們探討這一時(shí)期美國(guó)對(duì)華政策的制定和調(diào)整具有重大的意義。1927年“寧案”的發(fā)生與解決,美國(guó)所想要的一切都從蔣介石那里得到了,從此,美國(guó)政府由支持北京政權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橹С执碣Y產(chǎn)階級(jí)利益的蔣介石政權(quán)。蔣介石最終成為美國(guó)在華實(shí)施“門戶開放”政策的代理人。 本文采用史料調(diào)查分析方法,通過搜集美國(guó)政府、各階層以及美國(guó)駐華人員在這一時(shí)期對(duì)中國(guó)形勢(shì)的不同理解和看法,從經(jīng)濟(jì)利益、政治觀念和民族意識(shí)等方面,運(yùn)用歷史唯物主義原理多方位、多層面比較分析、綜合歸納他們這一時(shí)期的對(duì)華態(tài)度,兼顧美國(guó)與列強(qiáng)在華利益的矛盾(國(guó)際形勢(shì)),論述美國(guó)政府不斷調(diào)整對(duì)華政策,并物色到自己在華利益的代理人蔣介石。 本文從美國(guó)視角探討美國(guó)20世紀(jì)20年代對(duì)華政策調(diào)整的大背景,即對(duì)自“門戶開放”政策提出以來,美國(guó)為謀取在華的長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)利益,努力爭(zhēng)取實(shí)施“門戶開放”政策,不斷地在中國(guó)尋求其最佳利益代理人的過程進(jìn)行梳理。美國(guó)政府本著務(wù)實(shí)的態(tài)度,竭力要在中國(guó)尋找一個(gè)可以利用的“強(qiáng)人”,從袁世凱到吳佩孚,再到蔣介石,幾經(jīng)了解,多方面考察,通過引誘、拉攏和軟化,并適時(shí)地使用武力威懾,最終與蔣介石達(dá)成默契,美蔣合流。尤其是通過透析“寧案”,說明為何蔣介石最終成為美國(guó)在華利益的代理人,以及該事件在美國(guó)對(duì)華政策調(diào)整過程中所起到的作用。 由此得出結(jié)論,追求最大的在華利益和長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)利益,并為此爭(zhēng)取在列強(qiáng)對(duì)華關(guān)系中的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位始終是美國(guó)決策者的主要目標(biāo)和根本出發(fā)點(diǎn)。不斷調(diào)整對(duì)華政策,在中國(guó)物色其最佳代理人,正是美國(guó)為實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)而作出的努力。從而證明“門戶開放”是新殖民主義政策早期在中國(guó)推行的表現(xiàn)。
[Abstract]:After the death of the Qing Dynasty, the United States, in order to coordinate with the interests of the Chinese powers in China, to seek its agents in the Chinese interests, constantly adjust the policy to China and the impact on the relationship between China and the United States, and try to examine the macro strategy of the United States' readjusted relations with China from the American perspective and the resulting American diplomacy. The purpose of this study is to analyze the reasons for the American final selection of Jiang Jieshi as an agent for its interests in China and the role of the "Ning case" in the change of American policy towards China.
"Open door" is the big policy of the American government. After the United States completed the expansion of the North American continent in the mid nineteenth Century, the United States began to seek the.50 years in the Pacific region. William Seewald, an important backbone of the American Republican Party, proposed a more complete "Pacific Business Empire" concept. At the end of the.19 century, imperialism raised the tide of dividing China, which provided the United States with the opportunity to implement the "open door" policy. The United States "open door" policy to China symbolized that the policy of the United States to China changed from the policy of following the UK. In order to pursue an independent big country policy, it fully reflects the intention of the United States to compete for leadership in the Far East political stage and open up the road of hegemony in the Far East. The "open door" policy has constructed the framework of the new colonialism.
Seeking the interest in China is the key to the realization of the hegemony of the Far East of the United States. But as the latecomer of China's interests, the United States wants to stand firmly in China and have to seek the agent in China to realize its greatest interests in China. Finding a suitable agent in a regime full of crisis has become a difficult problem for the US policy towards China during this period. All circles in the United States have different views and understanding. From different standpoints and angles, they pay attention to the turbulent situation in China and remind the government from their respective interests to make and adjust the policy to China. Therefore, to study the understanding and views of the United States on China's current situation in this period, it is of great significance for us to discuss the formulation and adjustment of the policy of the United States to China in this period, which is of great significance to the occurrence and settlement of the "Ning case" of.1927 in the year of.1927, and that the American government has changed from the support of the Beijing regime. In order to support the Jiang Jieshi regime representing the interests of the bourgeoisie, Jiang Jieshi finally became an agent for the us to implement the policy of "open door" in China.
In this paper, through the method of historical data investigation and analysis, through collecting the different understandings and views on the situation of China in the period of the United States government, all strata and the American people stationed in China, from the aspects of economic interests, political ideas and national consciousness, we use the principles of historical materialism in many directions and multifaceted comparative analysis to summarize their period. The attitude towards China, taking into account the contradiction between the United States and the interests of the powers in China (international situation), discusses the United States government's policy of constantly adjusting China and looking for Jiang Jieshi, the agent of its own interests in China.
From the American perspective, this paper discusses the background of the US policy adjustment to China in 1920s, that is, since the "open door" policy is put forward by the United States, the United States has tried to seek the "open door" policy for the long-term interests of China, and constantly search for its best interest agent in China. The real attitude is to try to find a "strong man" that can be used in China, from Yuan Shikai to Wu Peifu, and then to Jiang Jieshi, to understand and study many aspects, by lure, to soften and to soften, and to use the force of force in a timely manner, and finally to reach a tacit agreement with Jiang Jieshi, and the combination of the United States and Chiang Kai Shek, especially through dialysis "Ning case", explaining why Jiang Jie Shi finally became an agent of the interests of the United States in China and the role played by the incident in the adjustment process of the US policy toward China.
Therefore, it is concluded that the pursuit of the greatest interests and long-term interests in China, and to strive for leadership in the relations between the powers of the powers in China are always the main goal and fundamental point of departure for the American policymakers. "Open door" is a manifestation of the early implementation of the new colonialist policy in China.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2007
【分類號(hào)】：K712.5

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