哈維爾與捷克斯洛伐克劇變
發(fā)布時(shí)間:2018-04-18 11:04
本文選題:哈維爾 + 天鵝絨革命。 參考:《陜西師范大學(xué)》2007年碩士論文
【摘要】: 第二次世界大戰(zhàn)之后,世界格局處在深刻的變革之中,世界被劃分為兩大陣營(yíng),美蘇開(kāi)始了近半個(gè)世紀(jì)的爭(zhēng)霸角逐。東歐是蘇聯(lián)與美國(guó)抗衡的前哨陣地,蘇聯(lián)時(shí)時(shí)處處加緊對(duì)東歐國(guó)家的控制。捷克斯洛伐克自1948年2月走上社會(huì)主義發(fā)展道路后,像東歐其它幾個(gè)國(guó)家一樣毫無(wú)例外的遺傳了來(lái)自蘇聯(lián)政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、意識(shí)形態(tài)等方方面面的基因,高度蘇聯(lián)化。從某種程度上說(shuō),捷主權(quán)掌握在蘇聯(lián)手中,捷共四十余年的統(tǒng)治充當(dāng)了蘇聯(lián)的傀儡,結(jié)果社會(huì)各種矛盾激化,人民群眾極其不滿,反對(duì)派組織不斷出現(xiàn),哈維爾站在了反捷共的前沿。在1989年11月的反對(duì)浪潮聲中,捷共垮臺(tái),哈維爾執(zhí)政,當(dāng)選為新的國(guó)家總統(tǒng)。 本文以“布拉格之春”為切入點(diǎn),以歷史發(fā)展進(jìn)程為線索,以哈維爾的經(jīng)歷、思想、活動(dòng)為脈絡(luò),把捷共、哈維爾、民眾三方面放在同一歷史背景下考察,探討了他們之間的相互關(guān)系和作用,,并運(yùn)用歷史的選擇性理論解讀哈維爾與人民群眾在新的歷史條件下怎樣作出新的選擇。基于這一思路,本文從內(nèi)容上主要分為四個(gè)章節(jié): 第一章主要回顧與總結(jié)劇變的歷史背景。從1968年到1989年,一是“布拉格之春”帶來(lái)的民族傷痕和人們的怨恨心理;二是捷共一直實(shí)行保守路線,自身越來(lái)越封閉、孤立、僵化,使得人們?nèi)罕娕c政權(quán)之間的對(duì)立、緊張不斷加深;三是哈維爾等人領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的反對(duì)派組織“七七憲章”成立,公開(kāi)開(kāi)始了反對(duì)政府的活動(dòng),在當(dāng)時(shí)人們對(duì)當(dāng)局的失望和價(jià)值崩潰時(shí)期,“七七憲章”由道德動(dòng)機(jī)推動(dòng)的活動(dòng)起了政治革命的作用;四是人們生活水平的持續(xù)性下降導(dǎo)致日益嚴(yán)重的反捷共呼聲。 第二章具體探討了哈維爾的思想,及其對(duì)捷共政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化體制的分析和批判和影響。同時(shí)輔之以對(duì)哈維爾人生經(jīng)歷的介紹,闡明他是如何一步步走上反捷共之路,如何從戲劇家成為持異議者最后成為堅(jiān)定的反捷共的反對(duì)派領(lǐng)袖。 第三章深入考察了1989年捷克斯洛伐克劇變的發(fā)生、發(fā)展過(guò)程。文章首先從劇變發(fā)生的原因入手,既指出導(dǎo)致劇變的一般性原因,又從捷克斯洛伐克自身的特點(diǎn)、民族傳統(tǒng)和當(dāng)時(shí)具體的國(guó)際環(huán)境出發(fā)詳細(xì)分析了劇變的具體原因。在劇變過(guò)程中,主要就哈維爾領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的反對(duì)派進(jìn)行的具體活動(dòng)、民眾的要求、捷共的反應(yīng)三方面的互動(dòng)展開(kāi),指出捷共的消極態(tài)度和步步退讓、哈維爾在劇變中所起的核心領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和凝聚作用、以及人民群眾的萬(wàn)眾一心。最后結(jié)果是捷共領(lǐng)導(dǎo)政權(quán)、社會(huì)主義制度被顛覆,哈維爾被選舉為國(guó)家總統(tǒng)。 第四章對(duì)整篇論文的論點(diǎn)進(jìn)行概括和總結(jié),探討捷克斯洛伐克劇變的特殊性和必然性。文章認(rèn)為:劇變是在特定歷史條件下、在一個(gè)獨(dú)具特色的國(guó)家發(fā)生的一次獨(dú)具特殊斗爭(zhēng)形式和特點(diǎn)的政治革命,是各種客觀條件和必要的選擇性聚集到一起的結(jié)果,是人民群眾自發(fā)的選擇與哈維爾領(lǐng)導(dǎo)“公民論壇”斗爭(zhēng)發(fā)生共振的結(jié)果。哈維爾在劇變過(guò)程中起了組織領(lǐng)導(dǎo)作用,是革命轉(zhuǎn)變的象征,正是各種客觀條件加上哈維爾的正確領(lǐng)導(dǎo)才使革命顯示出和平、合法、全民不同程度的參與三個(gè)特點(diǎn)。近半個(gè)世紀(jì)的坎坷經(jīng)歷使捷克斯洛伐克走過(guò)了一條由資本主義到社會(huì)主義再到資本主義的曲折之路。
[Abstract]:Since the Second World War , the world has undergone profound changes , and the world is divided into two camps , and the Soviet Union has begun to dominate over half a century . Eastern Europe , like other countries in the Soviet Union , has inherited from Soviet politics , economy , ideology and so on .
Taking the Spring of Prague as the entry point , taking the historical development process as a clue , taking the experience , thought and activity of Havel as a clue , the paper probes into the mutual relationship and function between them , and uses the selective theory of history to explain how to make a new choice under the new historical conditions of Havel and the people . Based on this idea , this paper is divided into four chapters :
The first chapter mainly reviews and summarizes the historical background of the upheaval . From 1968 to 1989 , the first is the national injury caused by the Spring of Prague and people ' s resentment .
Second , the Czech Republic has been carrying out a conservative route , which is increasingly closed , isolated and rigid , so that the opposition and tension between the masses and the regime are deepening ;
Third , the seven - seven charter of the opposition group led by Havel et al . was established , and the public began to oppose the government ' s activities . At that time , there was a political revolution in the activities promoted by the moral motivation during the period of frustration and value collapse of the authorities ;
Fourth , the persistent decline in people ' s standard of living led to the growing opposition .
The second chapter discusses the thought of Havel and its analysis and criticism on the political , economic and cultural institutions of the Czech Republic .
Chapter Three investigates the occurrence and development of Czechoslovakia ' s dramatic change in 1989 . Firstly , it points out the general cause of the upheaval , and analyzes the specific reason of the drastic change from the characteristics of Czechoslovakia itself , national tradition and the specific international environment .
The fourth chapter summarizes and summarizes the thesis ' s arguments and discusses the particularity and inevitability of Czechoslovakia ' s upheaval .
【學(xué)位授予單位】:陜西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】:碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】:2007
【分類號(hào)】:K514.5
【引證文獻(xiàn)】
相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前1條
1 方文霞;克里瑪作品中的悖謬世界[D];四川師范大學(xué);2011年
本文編號(hào):1768100
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