本文關鍵詞： 中世紀 西歐 修道院　出處：《天津師范大學》2011年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：修道院作為中世紀社會中的一個基督教組織機構,有著自身的制度,起著不容忽視的社會作用。中世紀的修道院不只是一個宗教組織,由于君王和社會上層的賜予和捐贈,普通民眾的布施和奉獻以及修道院本身的經營等等,修道院逐漸成為主要的經濟組織,從而產生了修道院經濟,在恢復和發(fā)展經濟中產生了重要的社會經濟作用。 中世紀特有的莊園經濟體系和社會的基督教化進程,是修道院經濟產生的重要基礎。日耳曼人入侵后,羅馬帝國原有的社會經濟體系遭到破壞,交易和商品流通已經降到最低限度,每個人都以生產者的身份消費著自己生產的產品,自然經濟日益鞏固,形成了以莊園制為主體的經濟結構。遠程貿易雖未停滯,但已經變得無足輕重,主要販賣一些莊園經濟內部難以生產的奢侈品,供教會、修道院和王公貴族享用。在西歐經濟倒退回原始農業(yè)狀態(tài)的前提下,修道院在本尼迪克特院規(guī)的指導下,提倡勞動,通過信徒和封建領主捐贈的大量土地組織和恢復生產,吸納“世俗兄弟”,領導了大拓荒運動,恢復和發(fā)展手工業(yè),積累了大量的剩余產品。大量的剩余產品沖破了莊園經濟的桎梏,人們在進行諸如朝圣一類的活動時,常常將朝圣活動和經商合二為一,于是促使修道院附近的廣場和院落產生了市場,市場的建立在一定程度上打破了西歐不同地區(qū)相對的封閉,社會交往和聯系進一步增強。盡管傳統的道德觀念認為,商業(yè)是下賤的行業(yè)、商人最沒有社會地位。但實際上,修道院對商業(yè)的發(fā)展起到了積極的促進作用。修道院以宗教為旗號享有陸路和水路的通行稅豁免權,可以販運不同地區(qū)的農業(yè)和手工業(yè)產品,大大豐富了市場上的物品。但享有特許權的修道院和不享有特許權的世俗商人的競爭是不公平的競爭,曾在農業(yè)上起到先鋒作用的修道院卻阻礙了世俗經濟的成長,成為社會發(fā)展的絆腳石，，不再有早期的社會影響力。 修道院經濟是中世紀社會一個非常重要的社會現象,它并不是孤立的宗教行為,而是和同時期的社會經濟發(fā)展密切聯系著,因此,考察修道院在西歐社會中的作用,尤其是修道院在經濟方面的作用,如修道院和大拓荒運動的關聯、朝圣經濟對中世紀集市的影響等等,不僅有助于我們加深對修道院這一宗教組織的理解,而且有助于我們了解中世紀西歐的社會和時代特征。
[Abstract]:As a Christian organization in medieval society, monasteries had their own system and played a social role that could not be ignored. Medieval monasteries were not just a religious organization, but because of the gifts and donations of kings and the upper echelons of society, With the contribution of ordinary people and the operation of the monastery itself, monastery gradually became the main economic organization, which produced the monastery economy and played an important social and economic role in the recovery and development of the economy. The unique economic system of manor and the Christian process of society in the Middle Ages were the important basis for the emergence of monastery economy. After the Germanic invasion, the original social and economic system of the Roman Empire was destroyed. Trade and commodity circulation have been reduced to a minimum, everyone is consuming their own products as producers, and the natural economy is increasingly consolidated, forming an economic structure dominated by manor system. But it has become irrelevant, mainly selling luxury goods that are difficult to produce within the manor economy for use by churches, monasteries, and princes. Guided by Benedict House rules, the monastery advocated labor, organized and resumed production through a large amount of land donated by believers and feudal lords, and absorbed "secular brothers," leading the great pioneer movement and restoring and developing the handicraft industry. Accumulated a large amount of surplus products. A large number of surplus products broke through the shackles of the manor economy. When people engaged in activities such as pilgrimage, they often combined pilgrimage with business. This led to the creation of a market in the square and courtyard near the monastery, which, to some extent, broke the relative isolation of different parts of Western Europe and further strengthened social contacts and ties. Business is a lowly business, and merchants have the least social status. But in fact, monasteries have a positive impact on the development of business. Monasteries enjoy tax exemptions for land and waterways under the banner of religion. The fact that agricultural and handicraft products in different regions can be trafficked greatly enriches the market, but competition between convent concessions and secular businessmen who do not enjoy concessions is unfair. Monasteries, once vanguard in agriculture, hindered the growth of secular economy and became a stumbling block to social development, no longer having early social influence. Monastery economy is a very important social phenomenon in medieval society. It is not an isolated religious act, but is closely related to the social and economic development of the same period. In particular, the role of monasteries in the economy, such as the connection between monasteries and the pioneer movement, the influence of the pilgrimage economy on medieval bazaars, and so on, not only helped us to deepen our understanding of the monastery as a religious organization, It also helps us to understand the social and contemporary characteristics of medieval Western Europe.
【學位授予單位】：天津師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：K5

【參考文獻】

相關期刊論文 前5條

1 雍正江;10—13世紀西歐修道院經濟繁榮原因初探[J];世界歷史;2005年03期

2 施誠;論中古西歐“上帝的和平”運動[J];歷史研究;2001年01期

3 趙立行;;“限制”還是“促進”:特許狀與歐洲中世紀商業(yè)[J];歷史研究;2009年06期

4 雍正江;;芻議10-13世紀西歐修道院的商業(yè)活動[J];商業(yè)時代;2007年31期

5 鄭崧;歐洲中世紀盛期拓殖運動的社會經濟意義[J];浙江師大學報;2000年05期

本文編號：1548736