本文關鍵詞： 羅斯福新政 總統(tǒng)行政權 三權分立 經(jīng)濟危機　出處：《安徽大學》2010年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】： 富蘭克林·羅斯福是美國歷史上一位重要的總統(tǒng),1932年至1941年他大展拳腳制定和實行“新政”。一位重要的總統(tǒng),一段特殊的時期,而且美國行政權也是其三權分立中非常重要的一部分,所以研究這段時期的總統(tǒng)行政權也是及其有意義的一件事。 為了更好的研究羅斯福時期總統(tǒng)行政權,筆者先是從大的方面著手,對美國總統(tǒng)的行政權的含義和范圍進行概述；了解行政權在美國“三權分立”中的作用和地位,以及新政時期之前美國總統(tǒng)行政權的發(fā)展。這樣將羅斯福時期的總統(tǒng)行政權放在整體之中,并做時間上的對比,很容易就看出羅斯福新政時期總統(tǒng)行政權的特點了。 羅斯福時期總統(tǒng)行政權最大的特點就是總統(tǒng)行政權進行了擴張。進行行政機構(gòu)改革,建立總統(tǒng)執(zhí)行機構(gòu),使得行政機構(gòu)的增多,行政人員數(shù)量的大大增長,而這些都是行政權擴張的表現(xiàn),特別是“布朗洛報告”之后羅斯�？偨y(tǒng)公布第1號改革計劃和第2號改革計劃,預算局和白宮辦公廳成為總統(tǒng)的左膀右臂,對總統(tǒng)行政權的擴張起著很大的作用。為了應對經(jīng)濟危機,在國會的支持下總統(tǒng)取得管理全國經(jīng)濟的權力,總統(tǒng)行政權從范圍和深度都有了增長。而1937年之后,最高法院也開始支持新政,這也是總統(tǒng)行政權擴張的表現(xiàn)�？偨y(tǒng)甚至取得了實質(zhì)的立法權,總統(tǒng)行使否決權的次數(shù)增加,可以說行政權向立法權的延伸。 羅斯福新政時期總統(tǒng)行政權的擴張是由多種原因造成的。羅斯�？偨y(tǒng)行政權的擴張既有理論上的基礎,又有相關政治制度的支持。既有社會發(fā)展大環(huán)境的推動,也有經(jīng)濟危機、實行新政提供的契機。隨著社會的發(fā)展,國會、法院處理經(jīng)濟及其他事物的局限性逐漸顯現(xiàn),也給了總統(tǒng)行政權擴張的機會。當然羅斯福個人對總統(tǒng)行政權擴張也有貢獻。正是由于這些原因共同作用,使得總統(tǒng)行政權得擴張。 總統(tǒng)行政權擴張在羅斯福新政時期是一個不可否認的事實,但并不就代表總統(tǒng)行政權可以無限制的擴張下去�？梢哉f美國的三權分立憲法原則從根本上就限制了行政權無限擴張的可能性。不僅國會、最高法院、獨立行政機構(gòu),文官制度等都從各個方面對總統(tǒng)權的擴張進行了限制,美國的兩黨制等政治制度也會阻礙總統(tǒng)行政權的無限擴張。而且這些因素不是獨自單個的限制總統(tǒng)行政權的擴張,它們通常都是相互聯(lián)系,共同作用的。行政權擴張不可怕,可怕的是沒有限制、沒有監(jiān)督的行政權擴張,所以權力的限制對行政權擴張來說至關重要。 羅斯�？偨y(tǒng)行政權擴張是順應歷史趨勢的,促進美國的發(fā)展。而且,事實證明,羅斯福行政權擴張并不是歷史上的特例,在羅斯福之后,美國的行政權擴張沒有停止。而總統(tǒng)行政權擴張更是非常時期提高行政效率的需要。研究過去,就是為了建設更好的未來,盡管現(xiàn)今中國和美國有著各方面的區(qū)別和不同,但是對羅斯�？偨y(tǒng)行政權的研究對我國應對經(jīng)濟危機,發(fā)展我國行政權還是有啟示意義的。
[Abstract]:Franklin I is the history of the United States is an important president, from 1932 to 1941 he flexed his muscles in the development and implementation of "New Deal". An important president, is a special period, and part of the executive power is important in the separation of powers, a matter of presidential executive power so the Research of this period and is also meaningful.
In order to better study Roosevelt's presidential executive power, the author starts from a general view, the meaning and scope of the administrative power of the president of the United States are outlined; the role and status of the executive power in the United States "three powers" in the new period of development, and before the president of the United States for the regime. This will be the president of administrative power during the period of Roosevelt on the whole, and compared the time, is easy to see Roosevelt characteristics of presidential executive power.
The characteristics of Roosevelt's presidential executive power is the biggest expansion of presidential executive power. The administrative reform, the establishment of the presidential executive body, the increase of administrative institutions, the number of administrative staff is greatly increased, and these are the expansion of administrative power performance, especially the "Brownlow report" after President Roosevelt announced first reform plan and second, the reform plan, the budget office and the White House office become the president's right-hand man, for the expansion of presidential executive power plays an important role. In order to cope with the economic crisis, with support from the Congress president for the management power of the national economy, the executive power in both scope and depth. The growth after 1937 the Supreme Court also began to support the new deal, this is also the president of the expansion of executive power. The president even obtained essential legislative power, the exercise of presidential veto number increased, can be said to The extension of the administrative power to the legislative power.
Roosevelt expansion of presidential executive power is caused by a variety of reasons. President Roosevelt's expansion of administrative power has both theoretical basis, and relevant political system support. Both to promote the development of social environment, and the economic crisis, the implementation of the new deal to provide the opportunity. With the development of society, Congress, limited the court's handling of the economy and other things gradually, also gave the opportunity to expand presidential executive power. Of course, President Roosevelt himself also contributed to the expansion of administrative power. It is due to the interaction of all these reasons, the presidential executive power was expanded.
The expansion of presidential executive power in Roosevelt period is an undeniable fact, but it doesn't mean that presidential executive power can be unlimited expansion. It can be said that the United States the possibility of the constitutional principle of separation of the three powers fundamentally limits the unlimited expansion of administrative powers. Not only the Congress, the supreme court, independent administrative institutions, civil service the system is in the expansion of presidential power from various aspects of the restrictions, the unlimited expansion of the American two party system and political system will hinder the presidential executive power. And these factors are not isolated in limiting the expansion of presidential executive power, they are often interrelated and interaction. The expansion of administrative power is not terrible. Terrible is no limit, no supervision of the expansion of administrative power, so the power to limit expansion of executive power is critical.
President Roosevelt's expansion of administrative power is a historical trend, and promote the development of the United States. But, in fact, the Roosevelt expansion of administrative power and not special case in history, after Roosevelt, the expansion of administrative power. And the president did not stop the expansion of administrative power is the need to improve the administrative efficiency of the very period. The study of the past, is in order to build a better future, despite the current Chinese and the United States have difference in various aspects, but the research on the executive power of Roosevelt to deal with the economic crisis in our country, the development of administrative power in our country is meaningful.

【學位授予單位】：安徽大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：K712

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