本文關鍵詞： 歐洲 軍事革命 社會轉型　出處：《東北師范大學》2003年博士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】： 從中世紀晚期到近代早期，歐洲軍事領域發(fā)生了一系列變革，其中一些重要變革不僅在短時間內劇烈地改變了歐洲戰(zhàn)爭的面貌，而且對歐洲社會發(fā)展的進程產生了重大影響，這就是所謂軍事革命。在14—17世紀這段時間里，歐洲至少發(fā)生了5場軍事革命：14世紀的步兵革命、15世紀前期的火炮革命、16世紀早期的防御工事革命、16世紀末至17世紀初的戰(zhàn)術革命以及16世紀的海戰(zhàn)革命，等等。我們強調這些軍事變革的重要性，不僅在于它們在軍事史上的地位，更主要的是因為其在制度和社會方面的影響有力地促進了中世紀晚期至近代早期歐洲的社會轉型。 以往學術界通常把火藥武器或雇傭軍的出現作為從軍事上促進了西歐封建制瓦解的關鍵性事件，但英、法及西班牙等國封建貴族被王權馴服的過程證明，這種觀點是存在一定局限性的。在14世紀，步兵開始取代重裝騎兵成為西歐戰(zhàn)場上的主宰，這就是所謂步兵革命。因為步兵在作戰(zhàn)技能和裝備費用等方面的要求比較低，步兵的興起和重裝騎兵的衰落為第三等級進入軍隊創(chuàng)造了條件。步兵革命不僅削弱了貴族壟斷西歐軍事事務的基礎，而且提高了平民的政治及社會地位，它從兩方面沖擊著西歐封建社會的等級秩序，因而有力地促進了西歐封建制度的瓦解。 軍事革命是導致16、17世紀歐洲軍隊規(guī)模急劇膨脹的重要原因。軍隊規(guī)模的膨脹使軍事費用不斷攀升。由于近代早期政府動員社會資源的能力十分有限，盡管它們采取了各種措施，仍不能滿足日益龐大的軍費需求。另外，主要由軍事革命引起的軍隊規(guī)模的擴大及雇傭軍向常備軍的轉變，對政府的組織、管理能力提出挑戰(zhàn)。在擴大財源和改善管理的雙重壓力下，歐洲許多國家進行了行政管理方面的改革，并逐步建立起專業(yè)化的官僚行政體系。所以，軍事革命促進了歐洲行政管理體系的合理化過程。 軍事革命擴大了近代早期歐洲軍人與平民的分野，使軍人的行為 東北師范大學博士學位論文 方式和價值觀念呈現出一些新的特點：中世紀騎士軍隊那種以追求榮 譽、個人的英勇和對領主的忠誠為美德的觀念不見了，取而代之的是 以服從命令、遵守紀律、集體感、合作精神、標準化、等級制為特征 的行為方式和價值觀念。這種新的行為方式和價值觀念，后來被引入 到工廠、機關、學校等社會組織中，有效地改善了這些組織的管理， 從而在一定程度上促進了歐洲近代社會的形成與發(fā)展。 軍事革命提高了歐洲海軍進行貿易封鎖的能力，從而改善了重商 主義政策的實施效果。軍事革命還導致歐洲陸海軍規(guī)模的膨脹，日益 擴大的軍需品生產刺激了歐洲冶金、采煤、造船及其它工業(yè)的發(fā)展。 此外，軍事革命在推動歐洲各國建立安定的社會秩序、改善交通狀況 及拓展海外事業(yè)等方面均發(fā)揮了一定作用，這些都是有利于歐洲資本 主義經濟發(fā)展的。 從理論上講，軍事革命是在任何時期任何地方都可能發(fā)生的現象， 但在14——17世紀這段時期，世界各主要文明地區(qū)當中只有歐洲發(fā)生了 軍事革命。備國之間的生存競爭、頻繁的戰(zhàn)爭、巨大的軍事威脅，以 及有利于革新的思想文化背景，是歐洲在14——17世紀發(fā)生一系列軍事 革命的主要條件，由于世界其它地區(qū)在這段時期幾乎都不具備這些條 件，回此沒有發(fā)生歐洲那樣的軍事革命。 隨著一系列軍事革命的發(fā)生，歐洲軍隊在陸地和海上的作戰(zhàn)能力 均得到了穩(wěn)步提高，這使歐洲在與世界其它地區(qū)的對抗中逐漸取得了 越來越明顯的軍事優(yōu)勢。這種優(yōu)勢是歐洲人能夠征服一個又一個民族 的直接原因。所以，軍事革命在歐洲確立全球性優(yōu)勢地位的過程中發(fā) 揮了多方面的促進作用。反過來，這種全球性優(yōu)勢的確立，在客觀上 有助于歐洲將最近幾個世紀當中發(fā)展出來的各種制度和觀念向世界其 它地區(qū)傳播。因此，軍事革命在世界其它地區(qū)由傳統(tǒng)社會向現代社會 轉型過程中也發(fā)揮了一定作用。 綜上所述，軍事革命在中世紀晚期至近代早期歐洲政治、經濟。 思想文化和社會生活等各方面都產生了重要而深遠的影響。作為推動 社會變革的諸多力量之一，軍事革命有力地促進了歐洲由封建社會向 資本主義社會的過渡，加速了現代文明在歐洲的誕生，井推動了這種 且且 東北師范大學博上學位論文 新文明向全世界的傳播。當然，，軍事革命是在與推動杜會轉型的其它 因素的相互作用中發(fā)展的，其自身也是補會轉型的產物�？傊�，14一 門世紀歐洲的軍事革命，在世界由傳統(tǒng)文明向現代文明的轉型過程中 發(fā)揮了重要作用，其影響是深遠的。
[Abstract]:From the late Middle Ages to the early modern times, a series of changes, the European military field, some important changes not only in a short period of time changed dramatically in the face of war in Europe, but also had a great influence on the development of European Society in the process, this is the so-called military revolution. In seventeenth Century 14, this time, at least in Europe the 5 revolution in military affairs: fourteenth Century the infantry revolution, the artillery revolution in the early fifteenth Century, the fortification revolution in the early sixteenth Century, late sixteenth Century to early seventeenth Century and sixteenth Century revolution of Naval Tactical revolution, and so on. We emphasize importance of these military reform, not only is their position in military history, mainly because its impact on the social aspects of the system and effectively promoted the late medieval and early modern European society.
Scholars always think of gunpowder weapons or mercenaries as from the military to promote the key events in Western Europe, but the collapse of the feudal system in Britain, Spain and other countries and the feudal aristocracy was tamed to prove this point of view, there is a certain limitation. In Fourteenth Century, the infantry began to replace the heavy cavalry dominated the European battlefield this is called the infantry revolution. Because infantry in combat skills and equipment costs and other aspects of the requirements are relatively low, the decline of the rise of the infantry and cavalry into third grades to enter the army to create the conditions. The infantry revolution not only undermines the aristocratic monopoly in the military affairs, but also improve the civilian political and social status. It, from the two aspects of the impact of Western European feudal society rank, thus effectively promoted the collapse of feudalism.
The military revolution is an important cause of the rapid expansion of the scale of 16,17 century European army. The military expansion scale lead to the rise of military expenses. Due to the ability of early modern government to mobilize social resources are very limited, although they have taken various measures, still can not meet the increasingly large military needs. In addition, the expansion and scale are mainly caused by the mercenary army the military revolution into a standing army, the government organization, challenge the management ability. In the expansion of the exchequer and improving the administration, many European countries are the reform of the administrative management, and gradually establish a system of bureaucratic administration specialization. Therefore, the military revolution promoted the rationalization process of European administrative the management system.
The military revolution expanded the separation of the European soldiers from the civilians in early modern times, and made the soldiers' behavior
Doctoral dissertations of Northeast Normal University
The ways and values show some new features: the Medieval Knight army's pursuit of glory
The idea of fame, personal courage and loyalty to the Lord is lost and replaced by the idea of virtue.
It is characterized by obedience to orders, discipline, sense of collectives, cooperative spirit, standardization, and hierarchy
The way of behavior and values. This new way of behavior and values were later introduced.
The management of these organizations has been effectively improved in the social organizations, such as factories, institutions, schools and other social organizations.
Thus, to a certain extent, the formation and development of modern European society have been promoted.
The military revolution of the European naval blockade ability, so as to improve the business
The effect of the policy. The military revolution has also led to the expansion of the scale of the European and marine Navy.
The expansion of the production of military supplies stimulated the development of European metallurgy, coal mining, shipbuilding and other industries.
In addition, the military revolution has promoted the establishment of a stable social order and the improvement of traffic conditions in all countries of Europe.
And it has played a role in expanding overseas business, all of which are beneficial to European capital.
The economic development of the economy.
In theory, the military revolution is a phenomenon that may occur anywhere in any period.
But in the period of 14 - seventeenth Century, only Europe had occurred in the major civilizations of the world.
The military revolution. The survival and competition between countries, frequent wars, and huge military threats.
And the ideological and cultural background conducive to innovation was a series of military operations in Europe in 14 - seventeenth Century.
The main condition of the revolution is that almost none of the rest of the world has these articles during this period.
In this case, there is no military revolution like that in Europe.
With the occurrence of a series of Military Revolutions, the operational capability of the European army on land and sea
It has been steadily improved, which has led to a gradual recovery of Europe from the rest of the world.
A growing military advantage. This advantage is that Europeans can conquer one nation after another.
The direct cause of the military revolution in the process of establishing a global dominance in Europe
In turn, the establishment of this global advantage, in turn, is objective.
It will help Europe to bring the various systems and ideas that have been developed in the last few centuries to the world
It is spread in the region. Therefore, the military revolution is from the traditional society to the modern society in the rest of the world.
In the process of transformation, it also played a certain role.
To sum up, the military revolution was from the late Middle Ages to the early modern European politics and economy.
All aspects of the ideological and cultural and social life have had an important and far-reaching impact.
One of the many forces of social change, the military revolution strongly promoted Europe from the feudal society.
The transition of capitalist society accelerated the birth of modern civilization in Europe, and the well promoted this.
And and
Academic dissertations of Northeast Normal University
The spread of new civilization to the whole world. Of course, the military revolution is the rest of the transformation of Du Hui.
The development of the interaction of factors is the product of the transition. In a word, 14 1
The military revolution in Europe in the door century, in the process of transformation from traditional civilization to modern civilization in the world
It has played an important role, and its influence is far-reaching.

【學位授予單位】：東北師范大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2003
【分類號】：K13

【引證文獻】

相關期刊論文 前1條

1 王濤;;清火器營初考[J];軍事歷史研究;2007年03期

相關博士學位論文 前3條

1 鄧磊;中世紀大學組織權力研究[D];西南大學;2011年

2 王濤;清軍火器、軍制與戰(zhàn)爭[D];復旦大學;2007年

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相關碩士學位論文 前4條

1 王大文;明清火器技術理論化研究[D];蘇州大學;2011年

2 彭賀超;清末新軍會操研究[D];陜西師范大學;2012年

3 黃妍;英國中世紀軍事合同制的興起[D];山東大學;2013年

4 郝赫;雇傭兵在意大利城邦國家發(fā)展中的作用[D];遼寧大學;2013年

本文編號：1452575