【摘要】： 利益集團(tuán)是指具有共同利益或目標(biāo)的社會(huì)成員為了一定的目的而結(jié)成的影響政府政策的有組織的集團(tuán)。它是有別于政黨的公眾參與和影響公共政策的一種特殊的組織形式。它既是美國(guó)“政治妥協(xié)”的產(chǎn)物，又是決定美國(guó)的“妥協(xié)政治”的背后原因。與西方其他國(guó)家相比，美利堅(jiān)民族是個(gè)愛(ài)好結(jié)社的民族，美國(guó)是世界上利益集團(tuán)數(shù)量最多的國(guó)家。 在西方其他國(guó)家中，都有利益集團(tuán)設(shè)法影響政府法律和政策的制定，但它們的地位和影響遠(yuǎn)不及美國(guó)的利益集團(tuán)，這是美國(guó)政治的顯著特征。要了解美國(guó)政治，不能只注意政府、政黨和輿論，還要注意利益集團(tuán)；要了解美國(guó)的內(nèi)外政策，不能只注意政府的動(dòng)向，還要注意有關(guān)利益集團(tuán)的動(dòng)向。 本文的第一部分是對(duì)研究對(duì)象的分析。論文從認(rèn)識(shí)美國(guó)的利益集團(tuán)入手，首先考察美國(guó)利益集團(tuán)的性質(zhì)、利益集團(tuán)與政黨和與普通公眾的關(guān)系、利益集團(tuán)的興起和發(fā)展、利益集團(tuán)的種類。通過(guò)分析發(fā)現(xiàn)，在美國(guó)，人們對(duì)利益集團(tuán)有不同的稱謂，有“派別”、“壓力集團(tuán)”、“院外集團(tuán)”等說(shuō)法，但最能反映其本質(zhì)的是“利益集團(tuán)”這一稱謂。利益集團(tuán)是一種既不同于政黨，也不同于普通公眾的政治組織。利益集團(tuán)在美國(guó)有很長(zhǎng)的發(fā)展歷史，在美國(guó)建國(guó)前就興起和萌芽，建國(guó)后又經(jīng)歷過(guò)四次發(fā)展浪潮，其每一次大的發(fā)展都與重大的社會(huì)變革、重大歷史事件的主題相關(guān)。利益集團(tuán)的種類繁多，對(duì)其分類也各不相同，本文按其活動(dòng)目的將美國(guó)利益集團(tuán)分為經(jīng)濟(jì)類利益集團(tuán)、社會(huì)政治權(quán)益類利益集團(tuán)、公共利益集團(tuán)和尋求其他目的的利益集團(tuán)四大類。 第二、三部分是本文的主體部分。這兩部分主要是從宏觀和微觀相結(jié)合的層面分析利益集團(tuán)與美國(guó)政府之間的互動(dòng)關(guān)系。通過(guò)對(duì)利益集團(tuán)與美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)、利益集團(tuán)與美國(guó)行政、利益集團(tuán)與聯(lián)邦最高法院之間的政治互動(dòng)過(guò)程的重點(diǎn)考察后發(fā)現(xiàn)：利益的多元化迫使美國(guó)社會(huì)中的各種利益集團(tuán)之間、部分利益集團(tuán)與公共利益之間、所有利益集團(tuán)與公共利益之間始終就各自利益的定義和定位進(jìn)行著一種錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜、連續(xù)不斷的妥協(xié)和談判。利益集團(tuán)為了左右政府決策，常常使用內(nèi)部游說(shuō)、影響選舉、外部游說(shuō)、提起訴訟等幾種主要策略對(duì)國(guó)會(huì)、行政和法院施加影響。利益集團(tuán)與政府、利益集團(tuán)與美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)議員和行政官員之間存在著彼此依賴和制約的關(guān)系，尤其是利益集團(tuán)與國(guó)會(huì)之間的依賴程度更高，“集團(tuán)需要國(guó)會(huì)，國(guó)會(huì)也需要集團(tuán)”；既存在利益集團(tuán)對(duì)國(guó)會(huì)和行政的正向游說(shuō)，也存在國(guó)會(huì)和行政部門彼此之間以及通過(guò)利益集團(tuán)對(duì)對(duì)方的反向游說(shuō)；利益集團(tuán)的院外活動(dòng)與國(guó)會(huì)和行政部門的權(quán)力變化以及政府決策(國(guó)會(huì)和行政)與利益集團(tuán)所關(guān)注利益(包括物質(zhì)的和非物質(zhì)的利益) ／迄回【飛 講士牢仁論義 V同田WI川（：l爪川山m以1，＼＊們 的程度有著密切的關(guān)系，，20世紀(jì)30年代以前，國(guó)會(huì)是美國(guó)政治的權(quán)力中心，利益 集團(tuán)的院外活動(dòng)主要集中在國(guó)會(huì)；20世紀(jì)30年代羅斯�！靶抡币院�，總統(tǒng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo) 的行政部門成為美國(guó)政治的權(quán)力中心，隨著行政機(jī)關(guān)中一些局、部、署和獨(dú)立的制 定規(guī)章制度的委員會(huì)數(shù)量和規(guī)模的擴(kuò)大，利益集團(tuán)在行政部門的院外活動(dòng)也隨之?dāng)U 大，尤其是那些與利益集團(tuán)的實(shí)際利益密切相關(guān)的行政部l’刁更成為院外活動(dòng)者關(guān)注 的焦點(diǎn)；出于議員大多是各選區(qū)所在的利益集團(tuán)派駐國(guó)會(huì)的代表，議員與各自所代 表的利益集團(tuán)之間的關(guān)系，不僅密切并且公開(kāi)；山于包括總統(tǒng)在內(nèi)的訂政官員是國(guó) 家利益和全體公眾利益的代表，雖然利益集團(tuán)與行政官員之問(wèn)的關(guān)系密切（存在所 謂的“鐵三角”和“旋轉(zhuǎn)I刁”）但這種夫系往往是諱莫如深的；山十沏洗是公小的 化身，法院與利益集團(tuán)的關(guān)系相對(duì)疏遠(yuǎn)，法官一般不會(huì)卷入壓力政治的派渦。利益 集團(tuán)的院外活動(dòng)不可避兔地會(huì)產(chǎn)生種種弊端，如果聽(tīng)任其濫用憲法第一條修正案的 權(quán)利，就會(huì)損害美國(guó)的公眾利益，破壞美國(guó)的民主基石。為此，美國(guó)政府對(duì)利益集 團(tuán)（包括外國(guó)利益集團(tuán)）的院外活動(dòng)采取了不直接限制和禁止但要求公廠的管制辦 法，先后頒布了 1938年《外國(guó)代理人登記法》、1946年《聯(lián)邦院外活dJ？k》、1995 年《院外活動(dòng)公開(kāi)法》等綜合性法律和一些單行法規(guī)，對(duì)利益集團(tuán)的院外活動(dòng)既保 障又規(guī)制。 本文的第四部分是結(jié)論。這一部分分析了美國(guó)利益集團(tuán)興旺的原囚，比較了美 國(guó)利益集團(tuán)與西方其他國(guó)家利益集團(tuán)的異同，并對(duì)美國(guó)利益集團(tuán)的地位和作用進(jìn)行 了簡(jiǎn)要的評(píng)析。本文認(rèn)為，在一定范圍內(nèi)人們利益的一致性和沖突性并存是利益集 團(tuán)存在的首要原因，美國(guó)社會(huì)的利益分化嚴(yán)重、貧富懸殊是利益集團(tuán)產(chǎn)生的根本原 因，美囚特殊的政治體制和政治傳統(tǒng)為利益集團(tuán)在美國(guó)的興旺提供了寬松的政治和 法律環(huán)境，政府有意識(shí)地對(duì)利益集團(tuán)的鼓勵(lì)和扶持也是美國(guó)利益集團(tuán)興旺的重要因 素。利益集團(tuán)作為美國(guó)政治過(guò)程中一支基本力量，其參與政治過(guò)程，有利于促進(jìn)政 府決策的科學(xué)和民主，有利于促進(jìn)社會(huì)平衡和社會(huì)制約，有利于政治的溝通和利益 的表達(dá)，也有利于緩解社會(huì)沖突、保持社會(huì)的長(zhǎng)久穩(wěn)定：利益集團(tuán)的消極影響主要 是容易導(dǎo)致政治的腐敗，加劇社會(huì)的不平等，削弱政府的權(quán)威、導(dǎo)致政府效率低下， 損害國(guó)家利益和公共利?
[Abstract]:An interest group is an organized group of members of society that have common interests or objectives that affect government policies for a given purpose. It is a special form of organization that is distinct from the public participation of political parties and the impact of public policies. It is not only the product of American "political compromise", but also the underlying cause of the "compromise politics" of the United States. The United States, as compared with other countries in the West, is a nation of interest and association, and the United States is the largest number of countries in the world. In other countries in the West, interest groups have managed to influence the formulation of government laws and policies, but their status and impact are far less than the interests of the United States, which is American politics is a significant feature. To understand the American politics, it is not only to pay attention to the government, political parties and public opinion, but also to the interest groups; to understand the internal and external policies of the United States, it is not only to pay attention to the movement of the government, but also to pay attention to Trends in interest groups. The first part of this paper is the analysis of the research object. The rise and development of interest group and the kind of interest group. Through the analysis and discovery, in the United States, there are different appellation of interest group, such as "factional", "pressure group", "out-of-court group" and so on, but the best reflection of its essence is" trunk> "inter. Interest group " This title. Interest groups are a kind of Unlike the political organization of the general public, the interest group has a long history of development in the United States, rising and sprouting in the United States before the founding of the United States, and experiencing four development waves after the founding of the People's Republic of China. Major social change is related to the subject of major historical events. There are a wide variety of interest groups, and the classification is different. This paper divides American interest groups into economic interest groups, social and political rights and interest groups and public interest groups according to the purpose of their activities. Interest groups and interest sets for other purposes The second part and the third part are the main part of this paper. The two parts are mainly from the following parts: The interaction between interest groups and the government of the United States is analyzed by the combination of macro-and micro-micro. After the focus of the political interaction between interest groups and the United States Congress, interest groups and the United States, interest groups and the Federal Supreme Court, it is found that the diversification of interests Between the interest groups of the American society, between some interest groups and the public interest, all interest groups and the public interest are always The definition and positioning of self-interest is a complex, continuous compromise and negotiation. Interest groups often use internal lobbying to influence the elections in order to make decisions about the right and left government. Some of the main strategies, such as lobbying and litigation, have exerted influence on the Congress, the executive and the courts. Interest groups and governments, interest groups and members of the United States Congress and administrative officials are dependent and constrained, especially between interest groups and the Congress, "The group needs Congestress, and Congress also needs the gr." "oup" ; there is a positive lobbying by interest groups on both the Congress and the Administration, as well the existence of a counter-lobbying by the Congress and the executive branch with each other and through interest groups on the other; the power changes of interest groups and the powers of the Congress and the executive branch, as well as government decision-making ( Congress and administration) and interest groups of interest (including material and non-material) (Interests) / Go back to[Fei Lester's Incheon In the same field, I have a close relationship with the level of 1 and 2 *. in the '0' Before, Congress is the power center of American politics, and the outside activities of the interests group are mainly In Congress; in the 1930s, the "New Deal" to After that, the executive branch, led by the President, became the power center of the United States, and with the line the number of committees, departments, offices and independent rules and regulations of the administration Expansion of volume and size, interest groups The administration's out-of-the-house activities have also spread Large, especially those that are closely related to the actual interests of interest groups, are more likely to be out-of-the-court The focus of attention; for the majority of the councillors, the members of the Congress, the representatives of the Congress, the cross-border between the members of the Parliament and the interest groups of their respective tables in particular, not only is it close and Public; the government officials, including the President, are the interests of the State and the general public The representative of the interests, although interest groups have a close relationship with the officials of the executive (present) predicate "iron triangle" and

But this kind of husband is often the deep one; the mountain 10 to wash and wash It's a small avatar, and the relationship between the court and interest groups is relatively alienated, and the judge is generally not involved in pressure. A political wing. The interest group's house is out of the house. There will be a variety of advantages and disadvantages in the moving of the non-rabbit end, if you're listening Any abuse of the right to the first amendment to the Constitution would undermine the public of the United States The interests of the public are the cornerstone of America's democracy. For that reason, the U.S. House-to-interest group The out-of-the-house activities of (including foreign interest groups) have taken the control office which is not directly restricted and prohibited, but requires the public works Law, enacted in 1938 Foreign Agent Registration Act,1946 in 1995 ,1995 et al. The law and a number of single-line regulations protect the interests of interest groups from out-of-the-court activities The fourth part of this article is the conclusion. This part analyses the U.S. a former row of interest groups, compared the interests of the United States and the rest of the West The similarities and differences between the interest groups and the status and role of the interests of the U.S. In this paper, it is considered that people's interest in a certain range Coexistence of consistency and conflict of conflict is a benefit set Mission-present
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華中師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2002
【分類號(hào)】：D771.2

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)會(huì)議論文 前1條

1 鄧華;張鳳軍;;公共政策制定中的參與者互動(dòng)困境及其多維度化解[A];“構(gòu)建和諧社會(huì)與深化行政管理體制改革”研討會(huì)暨中國(guó)行政管理學(xué)會(huì)2007年年會(huì)論文集[C];2007年

相關(guān)博士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 彭萍萍;歐盟利益集團(tuán)與政策制定[D];中共中央黨校;2010年

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前7條

1 宋靜波;政府決策的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理研究[D];重慶大學(xué);2006年

2 曾凡鋒;歐盟商業(yè)利益集團(tuán)與歐盟決策機(jī)構(gòu)互動(dòng)探究[D];河北師范大學(xué);2007年

3 蔡映靈;農(nóng)業(yè)出口補(bǔ)貼取消的政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)分析[D];廈門大學(xué);2007年

4 劉敏;美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)對(duì)外貿(mào)易權(quán)限制度研究[D];中南大學(xué);2010年

5 彭翊;美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)利益集團(tuán)對(duì)政府的影響[D];遼寧大學(xué);2012年

6 張梓萱;美國(guó)對(duì)外援助的利益集團(tuán)因素[D];東北師范大學(xué);2012年

7 郎爽;羅斯福第二次新政聯(lián)盟研究[D];遼寧大學(xué);2013年

本文編號(hào)：2485158