“民族自決”原則在俄羅斯政治解決車臣問題中的困境
發(fā)布時間：2018-11-18 14:20
【摘要】：“民族自決”原則作為國際法的基本原則之一,在17-19世紀(jì)資產(chǎn)階級反對封建專制制度、建立民族國家和20世紀(jì)世界范圍內(nèi)的反殖民化運(yùn)動中曾經(jīng)發(fā)揮過積極的歷史意義。然而,在20世紀(jì)80年代末90年代初興起的新一輪民族運(yùn)動的浪潮中,由于被民族分離主義者奉為分裂國家的理論工具,這一原則在面臨著困境。在俄羅斯聯(lián)邦車臣問題中,這種現(xiàn)象也十分明顯。 這一現(xiàn)象促使人們對“民族自決”原則在后冷戰(zhàn)時期的運(yùn)用進(jìn)行重新的審視。筆者在分析、研究“民族自決權(quán)”的歷史沿革的基礎(chǔ)上,認(rèn)為“民族自決權(quán)”既適用于尚未獲得政治獨(dú)立的殖民地國家的人民,也適用于主權(quán)國家內(nèi)的民族和少數(shù)民族。但是,針對不同的對象,“民族自決權(quán)”的范圍應(yīng)有所限定,主權(quán)國家內(nèi)民族及少數(shù)民族的“民族自決權(quán)”不應(yīng)包括該民族脫離主權(quán)國家建立獨(dú)立國家的權(quán)利(即分離權(quán))。主權(quán)國家內(nèi)民族的“民族自決權(quán)”的運(yùn)用應(yīng)該更注重于實(shí)現(xiàn)該民族謀求經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會、文化發(fā)展的權(quán)利。 上個世紀(jì)80年代末90年代初以來,車臣的民族分裂勢力以“民族自決”原則為旗號謀求獨(dú)立的行為是對該原則的歪曲。無論是列寧闡述的“民族自決權(quán)”,還是國際法中對“民族自決”原則的相關(guān)規(guī)定,都沒有給車臣民族分裂勢力謀求車臣獨(dú)立的行動提供理論依據(jù)。車臣分裂勢力打出“民族自決”的旗號是其謀求獨(dú)立的伎倆,事實(shí)上在車臣發(fā)生的民族運(yùn)動并不能代表車臣人民的政治選擇。 同時,我們應(yīng)當(dāng)注意到,俄羅斯聯(lián)邦車臣共和國有著獨(dú)特的地理位置、自然條件、歷史淵源和宗教背景。車臣共和國如果獲得獨(dú)立或事實(shí)獨(dú)立,將會給俄羅斯的國家利益帶來重大損失,并會對地區(qū)甚至世界的穩(wěn)定造成負(fù)面影響。基于這種考慮,俄羅斯聯(lián)邦政府在解決車臣問題的過程中應(yīng)對“民族自決”原則在新時期的政治涵義加以界定,明確否定“自由分離權(quán)”,強(qiáng)調(diào)各民族自由謀求經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會、文化發(fā)展的權(quán)利,強(qiáng)調(diào)不分民族和宗教信仰的平等的公民權(quán)利,謹(jǐn)防西方國家以“民族自決”原則為旗號在車臣問題上挖俄羅斯的墻角。 從合理把握“民族自決”原則的角度回顧俄羅斯政府解決車臣問題的一些舉措,有可取之處,同時也存在不足。但總的來說,經(jīng)過蘇聯(lián)解體后十幾年的反省與摸索,
[Abstract]:As one of the basic principles of international law, the principle of "national self-determination" has played a positive historical significance in the 17-19 century when the bourgeoisie opposed the feudal autocracy, established the nation-state and the anti-colonization movement in the world in the 20th century. However, in the new wave of national movement in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the principle is facing a dilemma because it is regarded by the ethnic separatists as a theoretical tool for splitting the country. In the case of Chechnya in the Russian Federation, this phenomenon is also evident. This phenomenon urges people to re-examine the application of the principle of national self-determination in the post-cold war period. On the basis of analyzing and studying the historical evolution of "the right of national self-determination", the author holds that the "right of national self-determination" is applicable not only to the people of colonial countries that have not yet gained political independence, but also to the nationalities and minorities in sovereign countries. However, with regard to different objects, the scope of "national self-determination" should be limited, and the "national self-determination" of ethnic groups and minorities in sovereign states should not include the right of the nation to establish an independent state (i.e. the right of secession) from the sovereign state. The application of the national right of self-determination in the sovereign state should pay more attention to the realization of the nation's right to seek economic, social and cultural development. Since the late 1980s and early 1990s, the separatist forces in Chechnya have been seeking independence under the banner of the principle of "national self-determination" as a distortion of the principle. Neither the "right of national self-determination" expounded by Lenin or the relevant provisions of the principle of "national self-determination" in international law have provided a theoretical basis for the action of the Chechen national separatist forces in seeking the independence of Chechnya. The separatist forces in Chechnya use the banner of "national self-determination" as their tactics to seek independence. In fact, the national movements that take place in Chechnya do not represent the political choices of the Chechen people. At the same time, we should note that the Chechen Republic of the Russian Federation has a unique geographical location, natural conditions, historical origin and religious background. If the Chechen Republic gains independence or de facto independence, it will cause great losses to Russia's national interests, and will have a negative impact on the stability of the region and even the world. On the basis of this consideration, the Government of the Russian Federation, in the process of resolving the Chechen problem, should define the political meaning of the principle of "national self-determination" in the new era, explicitly deny the "right of free separation" and emphasize the free pursuit of the economic and social rights of all peoples, The right to cultural development emphasizes equal civil rights, regardless of ethnic and religious beliefs, and cautions against Western countries using the principle of "national self-determination" as a pretext to dig Russia's corner on the Chechen issue. From the point of view of reasonably grasping the principle of "national self-determination", some measures taken by the Russian government to solve the Chechen problem are reviewed. But in general, after more than a decade of reflection and exploration after the disintegration of the Soviet Union,
【學(xué)位授予單位】：外交學(xué)院
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2005
【分類號】：D751.2
本文編號：2340269
[Abstract]:As one of the basic principles of international law, the principle of "national self-determination" has played a positive historical significance in the 17-19 century when the bourgeoisie opposed the feudal autocracy, established the nation-state and the anti-colonization movement in the world in the 20th century. However, in the new wave of national movement in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the principle is facing a dilemma because it is regarded by the ethnic separatists as a theoretical tool for splitting the country. In the case of Chechnya in the Russian Federation, this phenomenon is also evident. This phenomenon urges people to re-examine the application of the principle of national self-determination in the post-cold war period. On the basis of analyzing and studying the historical evolution of "the right of national self-determination", the author holds that the "right of national self-determination" is applicable not only to the people of colonial countries that have not yet gained political independence, but also to the nationalities and minorities in sovereign countries. However, with regard to different objects, the scope of "national self-determination" should be limited, and the "national self-determination" of ethnic groups and minorities in sovereign states should not include the right of the nation to establish an independent state (i.e. the right of secession) from the sovereign state. The application of the national right of self-determination in the sovereign state should pay more attention to the realization of the nation's right to seek economic, social and cultural development. Since the late 1980s and early 1990s, the separatist forces in Chechnya have been seeking independence under the banner of the principle of "national self-determination" as a distortion of the principle. Neither the "right of national self-determination" expounded by Lenin or the relevant provisions of the principle of "national self-determination" in international law have provided a theoretical basis for the action of the Chechen national separatist forces in seeking the independence of Chechnya. The separatist forces in Chechnya use the banner of "national self-determination" as their tactics to seek independence. In fact, the national movements that take place in Chechnya do not represent the political choices of the Chechen people. At the same time, we should note that the Chechen Republic of the Russian Federation has a unique geographical location, natural conditions, historical origin and religious background. If the Chechen Republic gains independence or de facto independence, it will cause great losses to Russia's national interests, and will have a negative impact on the stability of the region and even the world. On the basis of this consideration, the Government of the Russian Federation, in the process of resolving the Chechen problem, should define the political meaning of the principle of "national self-determination" in the new era, explicitly deny the "right of free separation" and emphasize the free pursuit of the economic and social rights of all peoples, The right to cultural development emphasizes equal civil rights, regardless of ethnic and religious beliefs, and cautions against Western countries using the principle of "national self-determination" as a pretext to dig Russia's corner on the Chechen issue. From the point of view of reasonably grasping the principle of "national self-determination", some measures taken by the Russian government to solve the Chechen problem are reviewed. But in general, after more than a decade of reflection and exploration after the disintegration of the Soviet Union,
【學(xué)位授予單位】：外交學(xué)院
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2005
【分類號】：D751.2
【參考文獻(xiàn)】
相關(guān)期刊論文 前2條
1 鄧浩;當(dāng)前世界民族問題發(fā)展的基本態(tài)勢及其走向[J];國際問題研究;2000年04期
2 孫午生;普京政府與車臣問題[J];西伯利亞研究;2004年03期
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