歐盟介入伊核問題研究
發(fā)布時間：2019-01-29 03:37
【摘要】：冷戰(zhàn)結束后,歐盟愈發(fā)重視核擴散問題,不斷發(fā)展、完善致力于防止核擴散的核政策。伊核問題可能引起中東地區(qū)大規(guī)模的核擴散,美國、以色列揚言要通過軍事手段打擊伊朗核設施,嚴重威脅到了歐盟的安全秩序、能源安全和經濟利益。此外,歐盟謀求在國際社會中扮演重要角色,向世界展示自己在重大國際事務中的影響力。在多種因素的共同推動下,歐盟開始介入伊核問題。歐盟介入伊核問題的目標有兩個:將伊朗阻止在核門檻之外,決不允許伊朗擁有核武器;避免美、以兩國對伊朗動武,和平解決這一國際危機。2003年10月,英、法、德三國外長代表歐盟,聯(lián)袂訪問德黑蘭,希望能夠通過外交談判與伊朗在核問題上達成一致,E3機制由此誕生。之后歐盟高級代表加入進來,E3機制發(fā)展成為E3/EU機制。在E3/EU機制下,歐盟采取接觸政策介入伊核問題,希望通過經濟合作換取伊朗的妥協(xié)。在E3/EU機制下,伊朗暫時中斷了國內的鈾濃縮活動,歐盟的介入取得了一定成果。2005年,隨著內賈德上臺,伊朗立場趨于強硬,重啟國內鈾濃縮活動,歐盟的接觸政策宣告失敗。為了應對再次升溫的伊核問題,歐盟三國與中、美、俄三國建立了 P5+1機制,磋商應對方案并且在2006年7月,六國一致同意將伊核問題提交到聯(lián)合國。在P5+1機制下,歐盟的政策開始調整為"雙軌政策",希望通過制裁+外交談判的手段迫使伊朗調整核政策。2011年,IAEA發(fā)布報告,暗示伊朗核計劃包含核爆炸裝置研究,伊朗擁核風險大增,歐盟對伊朗實施了嚴厲的經濟制裁,針對性極強的瞄準伊朗能源出口,伊朗經濟遭受了沉重打擊。2013年,魯哈尼上臺執(zhí)政,尋求與西方國家改善關系,主動與六國進行核問題談判。經過多輪艱苦協(xié)商,最終在2015年7月各方達成了全面核協(xié)議,伊朗大幅削弱核能力,保留有限的鈾濃縮權利進行民用技術研究,美、歐將根據(jù)伊朗執(zhí)行核協(xié)議的具體情況逐步停止與伊核問題相關的制裁措施。在介入伊核問題的過程中,歐盟最重要的角色是調停者,始終強調通過外交談判的方式,和平解決伊核問題。歐盟的介入證明了外交手段和接觸政策的作用,影響了美國的立場。奧巴馬上臺后,改變了之前的不接觸政策,參與到與伊朗協(xié)商的談判中;同時,歐盟的制裁推動了伊朗政局的變化,促成了伊朗溫和派領導人魯哈尼上臺。通過對美、伊兩國立場的影響,歐盟直接推動了伊核問題的進程。全面核協(xié)議的達成為維護國際核不擴散體系開辟了一條新途徑,歐盟展現(xiàn)出了"老歐洲""的底蘊,彰顯了參與重大國際問題、領導國際事務的能力。
[Abstract]:Since the end of the Cold War, the EU has paid more and more attention to the issue of nuclear proliferation and improved its nuclear policy aimed at preventing nuclear proliferation. The Iranian nuclear issue may lead to large-scale nuclear proliferation in the Middle East. The United States and Israel have threatened to strike Iran's nuclear facilities through military means, seriously threatening the security order, energy security and economic interests of the European Union. Moreover, the EU seeks to play an important role in the international community and to show the world its influence in major international affairs. Under the joint promotion of various factors, the EU began to intervene in the Iranian nuclear issue. There are two objectives for the EU to intervene in the Iranian nuclear issue: to prevent Iran from being outside the nuclear threshold and not to allow Iran to possess nuclear weapons; In October 2003, the foreign ministers of Britain, France and Germany, on behalf of the EU, jointly visited Tehran, hoping to reach an agreement on the nuclear issue with Iran through diplomatic negotiations. Thus, the E3 mechanism was born. Later, the EU senior representative joined in, and the E3 mechanism developed into the E3/EU mechanism. Under the E3/EU regime, the EU has adopted a policy of engagement to intervene in the Iranian nuclear issue in the hope of economic cooperation in exchange for Iran's compromise. Under the E3/EU regime, Iran temporarily suspended its domestic uranium enrichment activities, and the European Union's intervention achieved some results. In 2005, with Ahmadinejad taking power, Iran's stance became more hawkish and domestic uranium enrichment activities resumed. The EU's engagement policy failed. In order to deal with the rising Iranian nuclear issue, the EU three countries, China, the United States, and Russia established the P51 mechanism to negotiate a response plan. In July 2006, the six countries unanimously agreed to submit the Iranian nuclear issue to the United Nations. Under the P51 mechanism, EU policy began to adjust to a "two-track policy," hoping to force Iran to adjust its nuclear policy through sanctions diplomatic negotiations. In 2011, the IAEA released a report suggesting that Iran's nuclear program included a study of nuclear explosive devices. Iran's economy has been hit hard by severe economic sanctions imposed by the European Union on Iran's nuclear holdings and highly targeted energy exports. In 2013, Rouhani came to power seeking to improve relations with Western countries. To initiate negotiations with the six countries on the nuclear issue. After many rounds of arduous negotiations, the parties finally reached a comprehensive nuclear agreement in July 2015. Iran significantly weakened its nuclear capability and reserved the limited right to enrich uranium for civilian technical research. The United States, The EU will phase out sanctions related to the Iranian nuclear issue in accordance with Iran's implementation of the nuclear agreement. In the process of intervening in the Iranian nuclear issue, the most important role of the EU is the mediator, which always emphasizes the peaceful settlement of the Iranian nuclear issue through diplomatic negotiation. The EU's intervention demonstrated the role of diplomacy and engagement policy and influenced the US position. Since taking office, Obama has changed his previous policy of non-engagement and engaged in negotiations with Iran. Meanwhile, EU sanctions have helped change the political situation in Iran, bringing Iran's moderate leader, Rouhani, to power. The EU has directly pushed forward the Iranian nuclear issue through the influence of the US and Iran's positions. The conclusion of a comprehensive nuclear agreement has opened a new way to safeguard the international nuclear non-proliferation regime. The EU has displayed the "old Europe" and demonstrated its ability to participate in major international issues and to lead international affairs.
【學位授予單位】：北京外國語大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D815.2;D814.1
本文編號：2417602
[Abstract]:Since the end of the Cold War, the EU has paid more and more attention to the issue of nuclear proliferation and improved its nuclear policy aimed at preventing nuclear proliferation. The Iranian nuclear issue may lead to large-scale nuclear proliferation in the Middle East. The United States and Israel have threatened to strike Iran's nuclear facilities through military means, seriously threatening the security order, energy security and economic interests of the European Union. Moreover, the EU seeks to play an important role in the international community and to show the world its influence in major international affairs. Under the joint promotion of various factors, the EU began to intervene in the Iranian nuclear issue. There are two objectives for the EU to intervene in the Iranian nuclear issue: to prevent Iran from being outside the nuclear threshold and not to allow Iran to possess nuclear weapons; In October 2003, the foreign ministers of Britain, France and Germany, on behalf of the EU, jointly visited Tehran, hoping to reach an agreement on the nuclear issue with Iran through diplomatic negotiations. Thus, the E3 mechanism was born. Later, the EU senior representative joined in, and the E3 mechanism developed into the E3/EU mechanism. Under the E3/EU regime, the EU has adopted a policy of engagement to intervene in the Iranian nuclear issue in the hope of economic cooperation in exchange for Iran's compromise. Under the E3/EU regime, Iran temporarily suspended its domestic uranium enrichment activities, and the European Union's intervention achieved some results. In 2005, with Ahmadinejad taking power, Iran's stance became more hawkish and domestic uranium enrichment activities resumed. The EU's engagement policy failed. In order to deal with the rising Iranian nuclear issue, the EU three countries, China, the United States, and Russia established the P51 mechanism to negotiate a response plan. In July 2006, the six countries unanimously agreed to submit the Iranian nuclear issue to the United Nations. Under the P51 mechanism, EU policy began to adjust to a "two-track policy," hoping to force Iran to adjust its nuclear policy through sanctions diplomatic negotiations. In 2011, the IAEA released a report suggesting that Iran's nuclear program included a study of nuclear explosive devices. Iran's economy has been hit hard by severe economic sanctions imposed by the European Union on Iran's nuclear holdings and highly targeted energy exports. In 2013, Rouhani came to power seeking to improve relations with Western countries. To initiate negotiations with the six countries on the nuclear issue. After many rounds of arduous negotiations, the parties finally reached a comprehensive nuclear agreement in July 2015. Iran significantly weakened its nuclear capability and reserved the limited right to enrich uranium for civilian technical research. The United States, The EU will phase out sanctions related to the Iranian nuclear issue in accordance with Iran's implementation of the nuclear agreement. In the process of intervening in the Iranian nuclear issue, the most important role of the EU is the mediator, which always emphasizes the peaceful settlement of the Iranian nuclear issue through diplomatic negotiation. The EU's intervention demonstrated the role of diplomacy and engagement policy and influenced the US position. Since taking office, Obama has changed his previous policy of non-engagement and engaged in negotiations with Iran. Meanwhile, EU sanctions have helped change the political situation in Iran, bringing Iran's moderate leader, Rouhani, to power. The EU has directly pushed forward the Iranian nuclear issue through the influence of the US and Iran's positions. The conclusion of a comprehensive nuclear agreement has opened a new way to safeguard the international nuclear non-proliferation regime. The EU has displayed the "old Europe" and demonstrated its ability to participate in major international issues and to lead international affairs.
【學位授予單位】：北京外國語大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D815.2;D814.1
【參考文獻】
相關期刊論文 前2條
1 王雷;;伊核全面協(xié)議對中東秩序的沖擊和影響[J];當代世界;2015年10期
2 華黎明;;伊朗核問題及其對大國關系的影響[J];和平與發(fā)展;2010年03期
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