【摘要】：監(jiān)察權的行使是監(jiān)察制度運行之重要環(huán)節(jié),草撰本文,意在對南朝監(jiān)察權之行使進行粗淺但較為全面的描繪。監(jiān)察自古以來都是政治制度中必不可缺的重要組成部分,是調整國家機制、使之得以正常運作的平衡器。南朝四國政權更迭頻繁,但都存在著一個共性,那就是歷代統(tǒng)治者盡皆重視監(jiān)察,然而即便這樣,也沒有挽救四朝短命的局面,在這種悖論之下,探索南朝監(jiān)察權之具體行使以及行使效果如何,就顯得十分重要。監(jiān)察機構是監(jiān)察權行使之主體。從整體上說,南朝監(jiān)察機構大致沿襲魏晉,但較之前朝又有些許變化。該時期監(jiān)察機構由中央和地方兩大體系構成,中央設有御史臺及尚書左丞,地方一級則在州、郡、縣分設刺史、督郵、廷掾,又特設典簽以監(jiān)督刺史�？傮w而言,中央監(jiān)察官員的品級在四朝略有提高：如御史中丞品級在陳代上升至第三品,而尚書左丞則在梁陳二朝晉升至第四品。御史臺內屬官在四朝基本不變,稍加變革的是侍御史的人數(shù)以及治書侍御史一職,治書侍御史在宋齊二朝權責稍輕,至梁則又加重。至于地方,到了中后期,已經(jīng)不設督郵、典簽二職。南朝監(jiān)察權的內容較為豐富,而縱觀監(jiān)察官之監(jiān)察權,其核心仍集中于對官吏的糾劾權之上。除此之外,中央一級御史中丞還享有對案件的復核權,尚書左丞則可對時下的律令奏請修改；地方一級各監(jiān)察官的監(jiān)察權也各有特色,比如典簽享有對諸王、刺史的監(jiān)督權以及對其政務的評判權,各州刺史需嚴課農(nóng)桑、監(jiān)察經(jīng)濟,督郵則對所屬縣令審判之案享有復審、察劾權。在監(jiān)察權的具體行使上,南朝不同監(jiān)察官所采取的方式往往也不同。除去直接糾劾以外,御史臺還可以通過風聞言事的方式來進行監(jiān)察,尚書左丞在監(jiān)察時主要側重于文書,大都通過審核上報的奏章來進行監(jiān)察。地方監(jiān)察官員中,典簽對諸王刺史的監(jiān)管則通過秘密奏報的形式回復給皇帝,從而帶有一定的神秘性質。另外,南朝諸國都頻繁地遣使出巡,以此作為中央對地方進行不定期監(jiān)察的重要方式,從而加強了中央對地方的監(jiān)管。盡管南朝諸國都十分重視監(jiān)察,甚至采取了一系列措施來保證監(jiān)察權的行使,但是說到底,監(jiān)察作為維護皇權的重要工具,依然擺脫不了皇權的桎桔�？梢哉f南朝監(jiān)察權行使效果之好壞,與皇帝本人有著非常大的關聯(lián)：其權力由皇帝賦予,結果由皇帝一人裁決。正因為如此,該時期仍然有許多不法之吏得到皇權的庇佑,從而導致監(jiān)察權在具體行使過程中,依舊艱難竭蹶。
[Abstract]:The exercise of supervisory power is an important link in the operation of supervisory system. Supervision has been an indispensable part of the political system since ancient times. The regimes of the four countries of the Southern Dynasty changed frequently, but there was a common feature, that is, the rulers of all dynasties attached great importance to supervision, but even so, they did not save the short-lived situation of the four dynasties. Under this paradox, It is very important to explore the specific exercise and effect of the supervisory power in the Southern Dynasty. Supervisory organization is the main body of exercising supervisory power. On the whole, the Southern Dynasty's supervisory institutions followed the Wei and Jin dynasties, but there were some changes from the previous dynasties. In this period, the supervisory organization was composed of two major systems: the central government and the local authorities. The central authorities set up the imperial court and the Shang Shu Zuocheng. At the local level, the state, county, and county set up the history of the thorn, supervising the post, the court and the puise, and the special code was signed to supervise the history of the thorn. In general, the rank of the central supervisory official increased slightly in the four dynasties: for example, the rank of imperial official rose to the third grade in Chen Dynasty, while the Shang Shu Zuo Premier was promoted to the fourth grade in the Liang and Chen dynasties. In the four dynasties, the subordinate officials in the imperial court basically did not change. What changed a little was the number of people who served the imperial history and the post of ruling the imperial history. The power and responsibility of governing the imperial history were slightly light in Song and Qi dynasties, and then increased to Liang. As for the local, in the middle and later period, there is no post, sign two posts. The supervisory power of the Southern Dynasty is rich, but the core of the supervisory power is still concentrated on the impeachment power of the officials. In addition, at the central level, Kushizhongcheng also enjoys the right to review the case, while the Shang Shu Zuo Prime Minister can request amendments to the current decrees. The supervisory powers of the local supervisory officers also have their own characteristics, such as the fact that the imperial autographs enjoy the rights of the kings. The power to supervise the history of thorn and the right to judge its government affairs, the state history of thorns should be strict to the agricultural mulberry, supervise the economy, and the governor has the right to review and impeach the case of the county order trial. In the specific exercise of supervisory power, different Southern Dynasty inspectors often adopt different ways. In addition to directly correcting impeachment, the imperial court can also conduct supervision through the way of word and story. Shang Shu Zuocheng mainly focuses on documents when he supervises, mostly by examining and approving the seal of the report. Among the local supervisory officials, the canon's supervision of the history of the kings'thorns was returned to the emperor through the form of secret papers, thus having a certain mysterious nature. In addition, all the countries of the Southern Dynasty frequently sent out missions, as an important way for the central government to supervise the localities on an irregular basis, thus strengthening the supervision of the central authorities over the localities. Although all the countries of the Southern Dynasty attach great importance to supervision and even take a series of measures to ensure the exercise of supervisory power, in the end, as an important tool to safeguard imperial power, supervision is still unable to get rid of the imperial power. It can be said that the effect of the exercise of the supervisory power in the Southern Dynasty has a great relationship with the emperor himself: the power is conferred by the emperor and the result is decided by the emperor alone. Because of this, there are still many lawless officials protected by imperial power in this period, thus leading to the exercise of supervisory power in the specific process, still struggling.
【學位授予單位】：南京師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：D691.49

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1 戴詠靈;南朝監(jiān)察權的行使研究[D];南京師范大學;2016年

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本文編號：2172014