本文選題：道德困境 + 道德主體�。� 參考：《四川師范大學》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：在我國,隨著社會主義現(xiàn)代化的步伐加快,社會道德問題不斷涌現(xiàn),道德困境多維度形成。在這種狀況下,社會要健康發(fā)展,就要解決社會道德問題。要解決社會道德問題,需先消解來自各方面的不同形式的道德困境。這需要倫理認知的提高和社會方法的引導。本文就是基于這一現(xiàn)實的社會要求而檢討道德困境問題,以此嘗試探求其解決之道。其基本思路是通過“道德困境”的學理定義進行類型學劃分和形態(tài)學探討,然后在此基礎上考察道德困境的成因以及如何消解道德困境的社會倫理原則和方法。第一部分討論道德困境的基本問題。首先從詞源入手,闡述什么是道德困境?揭示道德困境的三重定義,即道德困境,既可是道德主體面對利害權衡與選擇的無所適從的迷茫狀態(tài),也可指道德主體雖有道德意識但卻在行為及其結果兩個方面表現(xiàn)出道德無力的兩難心理困境,更可指既渴望道德約束又冷漠或解構道德的對峙性社會態(tài)勢及兩相較量的膠著狀態(tài)。然后以此為思維工具分析道德困境的倫理實質,揭示道德困境產(chǎn)生于利益與道德的顛倒,或可說是實利對道德的勝利,它從根本上展示出社會境遇中人性的不振。最后探討道德困境的社會類型,分別從家庭、公共生活、環(huán)境三個維度予以考察,揭示當前道德困境的多元性、發(fā)散性和擴張性特征。在如上探討的基礎上,第二部分對道德困境的形成進行分析,主要從道德困境形成的學理探討和社會分析兩個方面入手:首先,嘗試簡要地分析了亞里士多德、麥金太爾、弗萊徹和國內學者韓東屏對道德困境的理性認知和時代性反思;然后,分析道德困境產(chǎn)生的多重因素,包括社會、境遇以及政治-經(jīng)濟機制等因素。第三部分探求消解道德困境的社會思路。其努力目標是從個人主體和客觀環(huán)境兩個方面切入,為如何營造一個消解道德困境的社會機制做一嘗試性思考。這就是普遍平等公正的社會機制,它不僅要求人自制,也要求完善制度法律。只有通過嚴謹?shù)闹贫确刹趴梢詾槿藗兲峁┬袨樽灾⒆孕�、自制的價值指南和社會規(guī)范體系,包括構建利愛有度的認知指南和群己權界的行為準則。無論個體還群體,在實際的生活過程中面對利害取舍與權衡時做到有理可依,以利愛有度為依據(jù)來處理人際事務或利害得失,以群己權界為準則來經(jīng)營個人與社會共生,自愿遵循行為意愿與規(guī)范、行為目的與手段、行為動機與效果相統(tǒng)一的原則。面對實際的道德困境,需要對具體性質的內容和問題,運用不同的方法做具體的分析和解決,比如在家庭,化解其道德困境,可以運用情愛的方法;化解公共生活中的道德困境,建立政治正義與制度公平的社會環(huán)境,并且運用權責對等的方法最合理;而平等善待和行為忠誠的方式最適合于處理和消解職場生活中出現(xiàn)的道德困境;出現(xiàn)在環(huán)境領域的道德困境,則可通過構建“人、社會、環(huán)境”共生的行為方式來治理�？傊�,道德困境多種多樣,其解決的方法也千變萬化,但萬變不離其宗,這就是利愛有度和群己權界,這是運用各種方法來化解社會道德困境所需要遵循的根本社會準則。
[Abstract]:In our country, with the quickening pace of socialist modernization and the emergence of social moral problems, the moral dilemma is formed in many dimensions. Under this situation, the social moral problem is to be solved by the healthy development of society. To solve the social moral problems, the moral dilemma from various forms should be solved first. This requires ethical cognition. This article is based on the social requirements of this reality to review the problem of moral dilemma and try to find the way to solve it. The basic idea is to make typology and morphology through the definition of "moral dilemma", and then to investigate the causes of the moral dilemma and how to eliminate it. The social ethics principles and methods of moral dilemma. The first part discusses the basic problems of moral dilemma. First, from the etymology, what is the moral dilemma? The three definition of moral dilemma, that is, the moral dilemma, is not only the confused state of the moral subject in the face of the trade-offs and choices, but also the moral subject. The dilemma of moral weakness in the two aspects of behavior and its result is morality, but it can also refer to the confronting social situation and the two phase contest, which yearn for moral restraint and apathy or Deconstruction of morality. The reversal of morality, or can be said to be a solid victory for morality, is a fundamental demonstration of the lack of human nature in the social situation. Finally, it explores the social types of moral dilemma, from the three dimensions of family, public life and environment, to reveal the pluralism, divergences and expansionary characteristics of the current moral dilemma. In the second part, the second part analyses the formation of moral dilemma, mainly from two aspects of moral dilemma and social analysis. First, it tries to analyze the rational cognition and time reflection of Aristotle, Macintyre, Fletcher and domestic scholar Han Dongping on moral dilemma, and then analyze the moral dilemma. The multiple factors of life, including society, circumstances and political economic mechanism. The third part explores the social thought of eliminating the moral dilemma. Its goal is to make a tentative thinking on how to create a social mechanism to dispel the moral dilemma. This is universal equality and justice. The social mechanism requires not only self-control but also the perfection of institutional laws. Only through strict institutional laws can we provide people with behavioral self-knowledge, self-confidence, self-made value guides and social norms, including the construction of a cognitive guide to the degree of love and the rules of behavior in the group of self-governing bodies. In order to deal with the trade-off and trade-offs, it is reasonable to rely on the benefits and trade-offs, in order to deal with interpersonal affairs or gains and losses on the basis of love, and to manage individual and social symbiosis on the basis of the right community, and voluntarily follow the principle of unity of behavior intention and standard, behavior purpose and means, behavior motivation and effect. We should use different methods to analyze and solve the specific content and problems, such as the family, the moral dilemma, the use of love, the moral dilemma in the public life, the establishment of political justice and a fair social environment, and the use of equal rights and responsibilities; and equal treatment and treatment. The way of behavior loyalty is most suitable for dealing with and dispelling the moral dilemma in the life of the workplace; the moral dilemma in the field of environment can be governed by the construction of the symbiotic behavior of "human, society and environment". In a word, the moral dilemma is varied and its solution is varied, but it is not separated from its religion, which is the benefit of love. It is a basic social criterion to use various methods to solve social moral dilemmas.

【學位授予單位】：四川師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：B82-02

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