中美導(dǎo)淮事業(yè)的歷史進(jìn)程與影響（1911-1927）
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2019-01-11 10:04
【摘要】：自南宋建炎二年(1128年),東京留守杜充決黃河入淮以阻擋金兵南下,黃河南泛頻仍。特別是明清之際,受國(guó)家治水政策的偏向與地區(qū)沖突的影響,淮河流域水患頻繁。伴隨著近代內(nèi)憂外患的歷史背景,淮河水災(zāi)尤甚,導(dǎo)淮工程迫在眉睫。以張謇為代表的開(kāi)明官紳極為重視此事,奔走呼號(hào),但當(dāng)時(shí)國(guó)家財(cái)政困難,加之這一地區(qū)本就被視為"局部"地區(qū),故而更難得到官方之重視。但張謇等兩淮名士另辟蹊徑,倡言利用外資以導(dǎo)淮。美國(guó)不同類型的機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)與中國(guó)合作興辦導(dǎo)淮工程興趣濃厚,共同的利益契合推動(dòng)了中美導(dǎo)淮事業(yè)的發(fā)展。捷足先登的即是美國(guó)在華紅十字會(huì)。美國(guó)在華紅十字會(huì)長(zhǎng)期熱心慈善事業(yè),贏得了普遍的輿論好感。其于1911年派工程師詹美森考察淮河,開(kāi)始介入導(dǎo)淮事業(yè)。1913年芮恩施任駐華公使,積極推動(dòng)中美兩國(guó)的溝通、合作。在中美的共同努力下,雙方于1914年簽訂了《導(dǎo)淮借款草約》。草約簽訂后,美國(guó)紅十字會(huì)工程團(tuán)來(lái)華測(cè)量、考察淮河,并提出"全部入江"的導(dǎo)淮方略。一戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)后,美國(guó)紅十字會(huì)陷入資金困境,無(wú)力繼續(xù)與華合作導(dǎo)淮。1916年,繼紅十字會(huì)后,美國(guó)廣益公司開(kāi)始參與到導(dǎo)淮計(jì)劃之中,并承辦運(yùn)河借款。但這一舉動(dòng)威脅到日本在這一區(qū)域的既得利益,從而遭到日本的強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)。美國(guó)從自身利益出發(fā),為了保護(hù)其在遠(yuǎn)東的殖民地,與日本妥協(xié)。廣益公司的計(jì)劃遂告流產(chǎn)。1922年以美國(guó)為主導(dǎo)的華洋義賑會(huì)在華成立導(dǎo)淮委員會(huì),對(duì)導(dǎo)淮事業(yè)不遺余力地進(jìn)行輿論宣傳。同年,美國(guó)工程師費(fèi)禮門提出"全部入海"的導(dǎo)淮方略,1924年廣益公司與齊燮元磋議繼續(xù)辦理導(dǎo)淮借款,但類似的計(jì)劃與措施遭到地方紳民的反對(duì)。此后,導(dǎo)淮事業(yè)逐漸衰微。十余年的中美合作導(dǎo)淮事業(yè)何以失敗而告終,這主要?dú)w因于近代中國(guó)復(fù)雜的社會(huì)環(huán)境與地區(qū)間的利益博弈。1911-1927年中國(guó)軍閥混戰(zhàn),匪患猖獗,社會(huì)動(dòng)亂,不能為導(dǎo)淮工程提供安定的環(huán)境�；春恿鹘�(jīng)蘇皖魯豫四省,導(dǎo)淮工程需要四省的合作。但此時(shí)的中國(guó),中央式微,事權(quán)不統(tǒng),地方各自為政,四省權(quán)利集團(tuán)從自身的利益出發(fā),在導(dǎo)淮問(wèn)題上難以步調(diào)一致。而中美雙方相關(guān)負(fù)責(zé)人在導(dǎo)淮具體事務(wù)中的沖突則進(jìn)一步阻礙了這一事業(yè)的發(fā)展。即便這項(xiàng)事業(yè)最終以失敗告終,但它同樣具有積極的歷史意義。在中美合作導(dǎo)淮期間,中國(guó)引進(jìn)了美國(guó)的先進(jìn)課程和水利技術(shù),開(kāi)創(chuàng)了近代水利教育。在中美導(dǎo)淮借款的不斷交涉中,對(duì)吸引和使用外國(guó)資本修建公益工程設(shè)施的艱巨性和復(fù)雜性有更加深刻的認(rèn)識(shí)。美國(guó)資本參與的導(dǎo)淮事業(yè)雖然最后未能付諸實(shí)踐,但前期的勘察成果、設(shè)計(jì)方案等對(duì)于此后的淮河治理工程具有一定的參考借鑒價(jià)值。
[Abstract]:From the Southern Song Dynasty to the second year of inflammation (1128), Tokyo left behind du Chong decided to enter the Huai River to block the south of the Yellow River, the South Yellow River frequent. Especially during the Ming and Qing dynasties, the Huaihe River Basin was affected frequently by the deviation of the national water control policy and the regional conflicts. With the historical background of internal and external troubles in modern times, the Huaihe River flood is especially serious, and the Huaihe River guiding project is imminent. The enlightened officials and gentry, represented by Zhang Jian, attached great importance to the matter and called for it, but at that time the national financial difficulties and the fact that the region was already regarded as a "local" region made it even more difficult to get official attention. But Zhang Jian and so on Huai famous person to seek another path, advocates the utilization foreign capital to guide Huaihe. Different types of institutions in the United States have a strong interest in cooperating with China in guiding the Huaihe River Project, and the common interests have promoted the development of China's guiding Huaihe River Project. It was the American Red Cross in China that got ahead of it. The American Red Cross Society in China has long been enthusiastic about philanthropy and has won popular opinion. In 1911, he sent an engineer, Jameson, to study the Huaihe River and began to intervene in the cause of guiding the Huaihe River. In 1913, Ruinshi served as Minister to China, actively promoting communication and cooperation between China and the United States. With the joint efforts of China and the United States, the two sides signed the guiding Huai loan contract in 1914. After the signing of the contract, the American Red Cross Engineering Group came to China to survey and inspect the Huaihe River, and put forward the guiding strategy of "all entering the River". After the outbreak of World War I, the American Red Cross fell into financial difficulties and was unable to continue to work with China to guide Huai. In 1916, after the Red Cross Society, the American Guangyi Company began to participate in the project of guiding Huaihe River and undertook loans through the canal. But the move threatened Japan's vested interests in the region and was strongly opposed by Japan. In its own interest, the United States compromised with Japan in order to protect its colonies in the far East. The plan of Guang Yi Company was aborted. In 1922, the China International Relief Committee, led by the United States, set up a guiding committee in China, sparing no effort in publicizing the cause of guiding Huaihe River. In the same year, American engineer Flemen put forward the strategy of "all entering the sea". In 1924, Guangyi Company and Qi Xieyuan discussed how to continue to borrow money from Huai River. However, similar plans and measures were opposed by local gentry and people. Since then, the cause of guiding the Huaihe River gradually declined. Why the Sino-American cooperation in guiding the Huaihe River project ended in failure in more than a decade was mainly due to the complicated social environment in modern China and the interest game between the regions. In 1911-1927, China's warlords fought indiscriminately, the bandits were rampant, and the society was in turmoil. It can not provide a stable environment for Huaihe River project. Huaihe River flows through the four provinces of Jiangsu, Anhui, Shandong and Henan, and the project of guiding the Huaihe River requires the cooperation of the four provinces. But at this time in China, the central government is declining, the power is not unified, and the local governments are doing their own work, so the four provincial rights groups are unable to keep pace with each other on the issue of guiding the Huai River from their own interests. The conflict between China and the United States on specific issues further hindered the development of the cause. Even if the cause ends in failure, it is also positive and historic. During the period of Sino-American cooperation, China introduced American advanced curriculum and water conservancy technology, and initiated modern water conservancy education. In the continuous negotiation between China and the United States, we have a deeper understanding of the difficulty and complexity of attracting and using foreign capital to build public works facilities. Although the project of guiding Huaihe River in which American capital participated failed to be put into practice at last, the preliminary survey results and design schemes had certain reference value for the future Huaihe River harnessing project.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：安徽大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：K207;K712.5;TV882.3
本文編號(hào)：2407006
[Abstract]:From the Southern Song Dynasty to the second year of inflammation (1128), Tokyo left behind du Chong decided to enter the Huai River to block the south of the Yellow River, the South Yellow River frequent. Especially during the Ming and Qing dynasties, the Huaihe River Basin was affected frequently by the deviation of the national water control policy and the regional conflicts. With the historical background of internal and external troubles in modern times, the Huaihe River flood is especially serious, and the Huaihe River guiding project is imminent. The enlightened officials and gentry, represented by Zhang Jian, attached great importance to the matter and called for it, but at that time the national financial difficulties and the fact that the region was already regarded as a "local" region made it even more difficult to get official attention. But Zhang Jian and so on Huai famous person to seek another path, advocates the utilization foreign capital to guide Huaihe. Different types of institutions in the United States have a strong interest in cooperating with China in guiding the Huaihe River Project, and the common interests have promoted the development of China's guiding Huaihe River Project. It was the American Red Cross in China that got ahead of it. The American Red Cross Society in China has long been enthusiastic about philanthropy and has won popular opinion. In 1911, he sent an engineer, Jameson, to study the Huaihe River and began to intervene in the cause of guiding the Huaihe River. In 1913, Ruinshi served as Minister to China, actively promoting communication and cooperation between China and the United States. With the joint efforts of China and the United States, the two sides signed the guiding Huai loan contract in 1914. After the signing of the contract, the American Red Cross Engineering Group came to China to survey and inspect the Huaihe River, and put forward the guiding strategy of "all entering the River". After the outbreak of World War I, the American Red Cross fell into financial difficulties and was unable to continue to work with China to guide Huai. In 1916, after the Red Cross Society, the American Guangyi Company began to participate in the project of guiding Huaihe River and undertook loans through the canal. But the move threatened Japan's vested interests in the region and was strongly opposed by Japan. In its own interest, the United States compromised with Japan in order to protect its colonies in the far East. The plan of Guang Yi Company was aborted. In 1922, the China International Relief Committee, led by the United States, set up a guiding committee in China, sparing no effort in publicizing the cause of guiding Huaihe River. In the same year, American engineer Flemen put forward the strategy of "all entering the sea". In 1924, Guangyi Company and Qi Xieyuan discussed how to continue to borrow money from Huai River. However, similar plans and measures were opposed by local gentry and people. Since then, the cause of guiding the Huaihe River gradually declined. Why the Sino-American cooperation in guiding the Huaihe River project ended in failure in more than a decade was mainly due to the complicated social environment in modern China and the interest game between the regions. In 1911-1927, China's warlords fought indiscriminately, the bandits were rampant, and the society was in turmoil. It can not provide a stable environment for Huaihe River project. Huaihe River flows through the four provinces of Jiangsu, Anhui, Shandong and Henan, and the project of guiding the Huaihe River requires the cooperation of the four provinces. But at this time in China, the central government is declining, the power is not unified, and the local governments are doing their own work, so the four provincial rights groups are unable to keep pace with each other on the issue of guiding the Huai River from their own interests. The conflict between China and the United States on specific issues further hindered the development of the cause. Even if the cause ends in failure, it is also positive and historic. During the period of Sino-American cooperation, China introduced American advanced curriculum and water conservancy technology, and initiated modern water conservancy education. In the continuous negotiation between China and the United States, we have a deeper understanding of the difficulty and complexity of attracting and using foreign capital to build public works facilities. Although the project of guiding Huaihe River in which American capital participated failed to be put into practice at last, the preliminary survey results and design schemes had certain reference value for the future Huaihe River harnessing project.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：安徽大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：K207;K712.5;TV882.3
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