本文選題：生命周期評(píng)價(jià)　切入點(diǎn)：（火用）　出處：《北京工業(yè)大學(xué)》2016年博士論文　論文類(lèi)型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：材料作為社會(huì)文明進(jìn)步的標(biāo)志,推動(dòng)著人類(lèi)社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展同時(shí),又是資源、能源消耗和污染排放大戶,隨著資源短缺和環(huán)境問(wèn)題的日益嚴(yán)峻,材料與環(huán)境如何協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展越來(lái)越受到人們的重視。在該領(lǐng)域,生命周期評(píng)價(jià)方法作為目前國(guó)際上主流的環(huán)境負(fù)荷量化工具已被廣泛認(rèn)可,得到了快速的發(fā)展和應(yīng)用。在目前的生命周期評(píng)價(jià)方法研究中,水資源的耗竭問(wèn)題是熱點(diǎn)研究課題之一,具體到我國(guó)的現(xiàn)狀,水資源已經(jīng)成為制約我國(guó)社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的重要環(huán)境問(wèn)題,李克強(qiáng)總理在2016年政府工作報(bào)告中強(qiáng)調(diào)了降低國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總產(chǎn)值水耗的意義,節(jié)水已成為中國(guó)十三五年期間環(huán)境保護(hù)的首要任務(wù)。但是由于生命周期評(píng)價(jià)中相應(yīng)方法學(xué)的不完善,水資源使用的耗竭評(píng)價(jià)沒(méi)有得到相應(yīng)的發(fā)展和應(yīng)用。論文以水資源使用的耗竭評(píng)價(jià)模型為核心開(kāi)展研究,分析了目前國(guó)際上各種對(duì)水資源使用影響評(píng)價(jià)的方法。在生命周期評(píng)價(jià)方法的技術(shù)框架下,將更適合于資源耗竭問(wèn)題表征的熱力學(xué)函數(shù)（火用）(Exergy)引入到材料生命周期的水資源耗竭評(píng)價(jià)中,把蒸發(fā)、固化和混溶三種不同物理意義的水資源耗竭方式與（火用）的本質(zhì)相結(jié)合,建立了適用于材料生產(chǎn)的水資源使用耗竭（火用）表征模型,用以量化材料產(chǎn)品生命周期中的水資源耗竭潛力,發(fā)展豐富了材料領(lǐng)域的生命周期評(píng)價(jià)方法學(xué),形成了水、礦產(chǎn)、能源和土地等資源耗竭潛力單一化的（火用）表征指標(biāo)。在評(píng)價(jià)模型研究的基礎(chǔ)上,論文通過(guò)混合清單模型和數(shù)據(jù)收集計(jì)算了我國(guó)單位基礎(chǔ)能源生產(chǎn)的水資源耗竭指數(shù),得到煤炭、石油、天然氣和電力生產(chǎn)的水資源耗竭指數(shù)分別為6.48E-01 MJ/kg、6.24E-01 MJ/kg、5.81E-01 MJ/m3和1.57E+01MJ/kWh;同時(shí),以海水一類(lèi)水作為基準(zhǔn)物環(huán)境,地表三類(lèi)水作為參考標(biāo)準(zhǔn)水質(zhì),計(jì)算了包括鋼鐵、鋁工業(yè)、鐵合金、煤炭工業(yè)、鐵礦采選業(yè)、鉛鋅工業(yè)、銅鎳鈷工業(yè)、鎂鈦工業(yè)和稀土工業(yè)九類(lèi)廢水排放量較大行業(yè)的單位廢水水資源耗竭指數(shù),為進(jìn)一步分析材料產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)由于廢水排放產(chǎn)生的水資源耗竭潛力提供數(shù)據(jù)支持。最后,論文將水資源耗竭表征模型與基礎(chǔ)清單的相關(guān)研究成果,應(yīng)用于鋼鐵產(chǎn)品和鋼渣瀝青混凝土道路的生命周期評(píng)價(jià)中,量化這兩類(lèi)典型材料的水資源耗竭潛力,并對(duì)比分析水資源對(duì)產(chǎn)品資源耗竭的影響。對(duì)于鋼鐵,基于調(diào)研和數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)算得到鋼的水資源耗竭潛力為5.89GJ/t,其中上游流程的水資源耗竭潛力為4.56GJ/t,生產(chǎn)流程的水資源耗竭潛力為1.33GJ/t,即直接消耗約占鋼鐵生產(chǎn)水資源耗竭的22.65%。在鋼鐵生產(chǎn)的所有資源耗竭中,能源、水資源和礦物質(zhì)分別為71.42%、22.49%和3.18%,所以從熱力學(xué)（火用）的角度看,水資源對(duì)鋼鐵生產(chǎn)的重要性甚至要超礦物資源。以鐵元素分配得到的清單為基準(zhǔn),鋼渣資源化利用下的鋼鐵產(chǎn)品的資源耗竭潛力大小依次為粗鋼、鋼渣和礦渣。礦渣和鋼渣利用率分別為82%和30%時(shí),粗鋼的資源效率比廢渣未被利用時(shí)提高0.67%,當(dāng)?shù)V渣不變鋼渣利用率達(dá)到100%,實(shí)現(xiàn)“零排放”時(shí),粗鋼的資源效率提高2%,通過(guò)估算,全國(guó)每年減少新鮮水消耗0.57億立方米,外排廢水0.15億立方米,鐵礦石原礦消耗3044萬(wàn)噸,能源消耗92.18億千克標(biāo)煤。對(duì)于鋼渣瀝青混凝土道路,從鋼渣集料生產(chǎn)和工藝改進(jìn)到整個(gè)混凝土道路的建設(shè),通過(guò)詳細(xì)的調(diào)研和現(xiàn)場(chǎng)數(shù)據(jù)采集,編制了鋼渣瀝青混凝土道路建設(shè)的生命周期清單。研究結(jié)果表明:(1)鋼渣瀝青混凝土道路的水資源耗竭潛力為729.2482GJ,上游水和流程水分別為56.47%和43.53%;(2)鋼渣作為資源輸入時(shí),道路整體的資源耗竭潛力達(dá)到5.26E+04GJ,是原來(lái)的1.74倍,其中水資源耗竭潛力的貢獻(xiàn)比例由原來(lái)的2.41%增長(zhǎng)為8.90%;(3)把鋼渣作為廢棄物不考慮其上游環(huán)境負(fù)荷時(shí),三種原材料不同的混凝土道路的資源耗竭潛力由大到小依次為:天然石料瀝青混凝土道路、鋼渣瀝青混凝土道路、水泥混凝土道路,其中水資源耗竭潛力最大的是水泥混凝土道路,鋼渣瀝青混凝土道路的資源效率相比天然石料瀝青混凝土道路上升5%左右。同時(shí),建設(shè)每功能單位的鋼渣瀝青混凝土道路可以節(jié)約201GJ由于鋼渣自身堆積而消耗的土地資源。本論文的研究成果用于指導(dǎo)量化材料流程的水資源耗竭潛力,為提高材料產(chǎn)品的資源綜合利用效率提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。
[Abstract]:As a symbol of social civilization and progress, promote the development of human society and economy, but also the resources, energy consumption and pollution emissions, with the shortage of resources and the increasingly serious environmental problems, how to coordinate the development of material and environment has attracted more and more attention. In the field of life cycle assessment method as the quantitative environmental load the international mainstream tools have been widely recognized, has been rapid development. In the current research of life cycle assessment, depletion of water resources was one of the hot research topic, specific to the current situation of our country, water resource has become an important environmental problem that restricts the sustainable development of social economy in our country, in 2016 government work report, Premier Li Keqiang stressed that the lower the total production output value of the water consumption of domestic water-saving significance, has become China during 13th Five-Year's first environmental protection To the task. But due to the corresponding method of life cycle assessment in the study is not perfect, the depletion of the evaluation of water resources use have not been the development and application of the evaluation of water resources depletion. In order to use the model as the core to carry out research, analyses the various methods used to influence on water resources in the life cycle of technology evaluation. The framework of evaluation method, the thermodynamic function will be more suitable for characterization of resource depletion problems (exergy) (Exergy) is introduced into the water resources evaluation of material life cycle, the evaporation, curing and mixing three different physical meaning of water resource depletion and (exergy) combination of nature, is established suitable for material production to use water resources depletion (exergy) characterization model, to quantify the material in the product life cycle of water resource depletion potential development, enrich the life cycle assessment method in the field of materials science, The formation of water, mineral, energy and land resource depletion potential (exergy) of the single index. Based on the study of the evaluation model, the calculation of the basic energy of China's water resource depletion index unit production by mixed inventory model and data collection, from coal, petroleum, natural gas and electricity production water resource depletion index were 6.48E-01 MJ/kg, 6.24E-01 MJ/kg, 5.81E-01 MJ/m3 and 1.57E+01MJ/kWh; at the same time, a kind of water to water as a reference material, three kinds of surface water as the reference standard of water quality, including steel, iron alloy, aluminum industry, coal industry, iron ore mining industry, lead and zinc industry, copper nickel cobalt industry magnesium, titanium industry and nine kinds of rare earth industry wastewater is large industry unit waste water resource depletion index for wastewater discharge due to water resource depletion potential provides a number of further analysis of material production According to the support. Finally, the related research results of water resources depletion characterization model and basic list, the application of LCA in iron and steel products and steel slag asphalt concrete road, quantify the two typical materials of water resource depletion potential, and to analyze the influence of water resources on product resource depletion contrast. For the iron and steel, investigation and analysis and based on the data, the calculated steel water resource depletion potential is 5.89GJ/t, the upstream flow of water resource depletion potential is 4.56GJ/t, the production process of the water resource depletion potential 1.33GJ/t, namely direct consumption accounts for water resource depletion of iron and steel production 22.65%. in all resource depletion of iron and steel production, energy, water and mineral resources. As of 71.42%, 22.49% and 3.18%, so from the point of view of thermodynamics (exergy), the importance of water resources on the production of iron and steel and even super mineral resources. By using iron distribution The list as a benchmark, the size of steel slag products resource depletion potential resource utilization under the order of crude steel, slag and steel slag. The slag and steel slag utilization rate were 82% and 30%, 0.67% increase in crude steel slag resources efficiency ratio is not being used, when the same slag steel slag utilization rate reached 100%, the realization of "zero emissions, crude steel resource efficiency increased by 2%, by estimating the country every year, reducing fresh water consumption of 57 million cubic meters, 15 million cubic meters of waste water, 30 million 440 thousand tons of iron ore consumption, energy consumption of 9 billion 218 million kilograms of standard coal for the steel slag asphalt concrete road from slag aggregate production and process improvement to the concrete construction the road, through the detailed investigation and field data collection, compilation of life cycle inventory of steel slag asphalt concrete road construction. The results show that: (1) the steel slag asphalt concrete road water resources consumption Depletion potential 729.2482GJ, upstream water and process water were 56.47% and 43.53%; (2) the steel slag as a resource input, the overall resource depletion potential road to reach 5.26E+04GJ, is 1.74 times the original, in which water resource depletion potential contribution ratio from the original 2.41% to 8.90% growth; (3) the steel slag as wastes consider the upstream environmental load, concrete road three raw materials of different resource depletion potential in descending order: natural stone asphalt concrete road, steel slag asphalt concrete pavement, cement concrete road, the water resource depletion potential is the largest cement concrete road, steel slag asphalt concrete road resource efficiency compared to natural stone asphalt the concrete road increased by about 5%. At the same time, the steel slag asphalt concrete road construction each functional unit can save 201GJ and consumption due to slag self stacking land resources. The research results in this paper are used to guide the potential of water resource depletion in quantifying material flow and provide scientific basis for improving the comprehensive utilization efficiency of materials and products.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：北京工業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：TV213;TF085

【參考文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前1條

1 ;Development of Chinese characterization factors for land use in life cycle impact assessment[J];Science China(Technological Sciences);2010年06期

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本文編號(hào)：1616939