【摘要】：加快城市化進(jìn)程是我國(guó)面向21世紀(jì)的重要選擇，國(guó)內(nèi)許多城市紛紛以迅速提高城市化水平為發(fā)展目標(biāo)。人們通過(guò)各種近乎極端的方式改變土地覆被來(lái)滿足城市化的需要，這些改變使得城市景觀布局復(fù)雜程度增大，同時(shí)這種復(fù)雜的景觀布局又嚴(yán)重影響了城市生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的功能，水體污染、城市垃圾、城市自然生境損失、綠地減少、景觀破碎化、城市通達(dá)性降低等“城市病”就是因此形成的。通過(guò)景觀生態(tài)學(xué)理論及方法的運(yùn)用，對(duì)城市的景觀生態(tài)格局進(jìn)行研究，可以揭示出城市生態(tài)環(huán)境現(xiàn)狀及其景觀空間演變的特征。一旦很好地把握景觀格局空間演變的過(guò)程及主導(dǎo)因素，就可以為景觀生態(tài)的評(píng)價(jià)及合理布局規(guī)劃提供科學(xué)的依據(jù)。 本文選擇蘭州市城關(guān)區(qū)、七里河區(qū)、安寧區(qū)、西固區(qū)為研究對(duì)象，借助遙感影像分析、GIS技術(shù)的支持，以景觀生態(tài)學(xué)理論和方法為指導(dǎo)，對(duì)研究區(qū)2000年和2009年的景觀格局演變特征及影響機(jī)制進(jìn)行了分析，在考慮研究區(qū)自身特殊性的基礎(chǔ)上，結(jié)合景觀生態(tài)規(guī)劃的原則和方法，對(duì)研究區(qū)景觀生態(tài)格局規(guī)劃提出一些設(shè)想。 首先將蘭州市城區(qū)2000年和2009年兩期LandsatETM+30米分辨率遙感影像利用GIS手段進(jìn)行解譯，提取研究區(qū)用地信息。根據(jù)研究區(qū)特點(diǎn)對(duì)其土地利用類型劃分為城鎮(zhèn)建設(shè)用地、耕地、農(nóng)村居民用地、林地、荒草地、水域和其它用地七種類型。對(duì)解譯后的遙感影像進(jìn)行柵格（GRID)化處理。選取17個(gè)景觀指數(shù)，將柵格（GRID)數(shù)據(jù)導(dǎo)入Fragstats軟件計(jì)算得出結(jié)果。根據(jù)這些結(jié)果對(duì)研究區(qū)在景觀和景觀類型兩個(gè)尺度上進(jìn)行了景觀異質(zhì)性分析。 1.在景觀尺度上，研究區(qū)景觀格局表現(xiàn)為： (1)斑塊數(shù)量發(fā)生較大變化，由2000年的1853個(gè)減少的2009年1466個(gè)，斑塊密度由2000年的1.7759個(gè)/lOOha下降到2009年的1.4050/1OOha,表明研究區(qū)內(nèi)的景觀總體破碎度降低。 (2)優(yōu)勢(shì)斑塊面積增大，景觀形狀指數(shù)、面積周長(zhǎng)分維數(shù)降低，表明在2000年-2009年間人類活動(dòng)對(duì)城市景觀的干擾增強(qiáng)，，景觀的形狀越來(lái)越趨向較規(guī)則的幾何形狀。小型斑塊發(fā)生了整合，其在數(shù)量上有所下降。 (3)相似鄰接比指數(shù)、斑塊結(jié)合度指數(shù)、聚集度指數(shù)，2009年較2000年都有小幅的增加，說(shuō)明景觀的連接度有所增強(qiáng)（不區(qū)分斑塊的類型），優(yōu)勢(shì)斑塊地位明顯，斑塊的分布由分散趨向越來(lái)越集中。 (4)多樣性指數(shù)和均勻度指數(shù)有所增大，表明在研究區(qū)內(nèi)存在破碎度增加的區(qū)域，通過(guò)實(shí)地調(diào)查并結(jié)合當(dāng)時(shí)的影像資料可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，這類景觀主要集中于城鄉(xiāng)交錯(cuò)地帶，工交建設(shè)用地的增加、城鎮(zhèn)建設(shè)用地的擴(kuò)張、對(duì)耕地的占用增加、規(guī)劃不合理等是形成這一情形的主要原因。 2.在景觀要素類型尺度上，研究區(qū)景觀格局表現(xiàn)為： (1)從各類型景觀面積來(lái)說(shuō)，2000-2009年間，城鎮(zhèn)建設(shè)用地增加較多，耕地面積明顯減少，交通用地面積呈上升趨勢(shì)，農(nóng)村居民用地和水域面積則有所減少，林地和荒草地面積有所增加。 (2)就景觀形狀來(lái)看，分維數(shù)指數(shù)呈現(xiàn)出城市中心區(qū)景觀類型 城市近郊區(qū)景觀類型城市遠(yuǎn)郊區(qū)景觀類型，人工景觀分維數(shù)較自然景觀低，這主要是經(jīng)過(guò)人工雕琢的景觀其形狀更加規(guī)則。 (3)就斑塊的連接度來(lái)看，各類型斑塊之間的連接度有所提高，在一些城鄉(xiāng)交錯(cuò)地帶景觀類型的連接度較低。人類活動(dòng)對(duì)景觀影響強(qiáng)烈使得景觀類型結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，城鄉(xiāng)交錯(cuò)帶具有較高的景觀異質(zhì)性和多樣性，景觀破碎化程度高。 3.在研究區(qū)景觀生態(tài)規(guī)劃方面，文章著重從以下幾方面進(jìn)行了探討： (1)生態(tài)廊道建設(shè)規(guī)劃。（2)研究區(qū)綠地生態(tài)工程規(guī)劃。（3)功能區(qū)景觀生態(tài)規(guī)劃。（4)南北兩山規(guī)劃。（5)城鄉(xiāng)交錯(cuò)帶及生態(tài)敏感區(qū)土地利用研究。
[Abstract]:Accelerating the process of urbanization is an important choice facing the 21st century in China. Many cities in China are aiming to rapidly improve the level of urbanization. People change the land cover to meet the needs of urbanization in various near-extreme ways. These changes make the layout of urban landscape more complex, and at the same time, this complex landscape. Layout has seriously affected the function of urban ecosystem, water pollution, urban garbage, loss of urban natural habitat, reduction of green space, landscape fragmentation, and decrease of urban accessibility, and so on. The present situation of urban ecological environment and its characteristics of landscape spatial evolution can provide scientific basis for landscape ecological evaluation and rational layout planning once the process and dominant factors of landscape pattern spatial evolution are well grasped.
This paper chooses Chengguan District, Qilihe District, Anning District and Xigu District of Lanzhou City as the research objects. With the help of remote sensing image analysis, GIS technology and the guidance of landscape ecology theory and method, the paper analyzes the landscape pattern evolution characteristics and impact mechanism of the study area in 2000 and 2009. On the basis of considering the particularity of the study area itself, Combined with the principles and methods of landscape ecological planning, some tentative plans for landscape ecological pattern planning in the study area are put forward.
The Landsat ETM+30m resolution remote sensing images of Lanzhou city in 2000 and 2009 were interpreted by GIS to extract the land use information of the study area. According to the characteristics of the study area, the land use types were divided into seven types: urban construction land, cultivated land, rural residential land, woodland, wasteland, water and other land. Then the remote sensing images were processed by grid (GRID). 17 landscape indices were selected and imported into Fragstats software to calculate the results.
1. on the landscape scale, the landscape pattern of the study area is as follows:
(1) The number of patches decreased from 1853 in 2000 to 1 466 in 2009, and the density of patches decreased from 1.7759/lOha in 2000 to 1.4050/1Oha in 2009, indicating that the overall landscape fragmentation in the study area decreased.
(2) The increase of dominant patch area, the decrease of landscape shape index and fractal dimension of area circumference indicate that the disturbance of human activities to urban landscape increased during 2000-2009, and the shape of landscape tended to more regular geometry.
(3) Similar adjacency ratio index, patch combination index and aggregation index increased slightly in 2009 compared with 2000, indicating that landscape connectivity increased (without distinguishing patch types), dominant patch position was obvious, and patch distribution tended to be more and more concentrated from dispersion.
(4) Diversity index and evenness index increased, indicating that the fragmentation increased in the study area. Through field investigation and combined with the image data at that time, it can be found that this kind of landscape mainly concentrated in the urban-rural ecotone, the increase of construction land for industrial interchange, the expansion of urban construction land, the increase of occupation of cultivated land, planning does not. Reasonable waiting is the main reason for this situation.
2. on the scale of landscape elements, the landscape pattern of the study area is as follows:
(1) From 2000 to 2009, urban construction land increased, cultivated land decreased, traffic land increased, rural residential land and water area decreased, woodland and grassland increased.
(2) As far as landscape shape is concerned, the fractal dimension index shows the landscape type of urban central area, urban suburban landscape type and urban suburban landscape type. The fractal dimension of artificial landscape is lower than that of natural landscape.
(3) In terms of patch connectivity, the connectivity between patches has been improved, and in some urban-rural ecotones, the connectivity of landscape types is low. Human activities have a strong impact on the landscape, which makes the structure of landscape types complex, the urban-rural ecotone has a high degree of landscape heterogeneity and diversity, and the degree of landscape fragmentation is high.
3. in the area of landscape ecological planning, the article focuses on the following aspects:
(1) Ecological corridor construction planning. (2) Green space ecological engineering planning. (3) Landscape ecological planning of functional areas. (4) North-South mountain planning. (5) Land use research in urban-rural ecotone and ecologically sensitive areas.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：P901;TU984.2

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