【摘要】：核電廠安全殼是防止放射性產(chǎn)物釋放到環(huán)境的最后一道屏障,在發(fā)生類似堆芯熔穿壓力容器的嚴(yán)重事故時,一回路高溫高壓的冷卻劑釋放到安全殼內(nèi),造成安全殼內(nèi)壓力持續(xù)升高,當(dāng)壓力超過安全限值時可能會威脅到安全殼的完整性。安全殼過濾排放系統(tǒng)采用主動卸壓的方式確保安全殼的完整性,同時通過系統(tǒng)的過濾部件去除排放氣體中的放射性物質(zhì)。本文以過濾排放系統(tǒng)的濕式過濾環(huán)節(jié)為研究背景,對自吸式文丘里水洗器的引射機理和水洗器去除氣溶膠、碘及甲基碘的性能進行了實驗研究和理論分析,其中實驗部分主要是在冷態(tài)條件下進行的,完成的主要研究工作如下:1、研究了自吸式文丘里水洗器喉管段(整體式)和噴嘴出口(分體式)截面上的靜壓分布規(guī)律,以及壓力分布特性對引射量的影響。結(jié)果表明:整體式文丘里水洗器喉管徑向上的靜壓梯度顯著,并且在不同流速范圍內(nèi),徑向上的壓力差異隨流速表現(xiàn)出明顯的區(qū)域效應(yīng),引射量與吸液口處靜壓的變化規(guī)律反向一致。分體式文丘里水洗器的噴嘴出口截面上,靜壓同樣存在顯著的徑向分布梯度,而液體通道內(nèi)的壓力與噴嘴壁面處的壓力分布密切相關(guān),特別是在引射液體的情況下,由于氣-液間的相互作用使得液體通道內(nèi)的壓力產(chǎn)生額外增量,從而造成引射液體的有效吸液壓差受到限制。通過進一步的理論分析和實驗研究,獲取了操作參數(shù)和結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)對引射性能的影響規(guī)律,并最終得到了改善引射量的有效方法。2、對自吸式文丘里水洗器的除塵和除氣特性進行了實驗研究和理論分析。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),文丘里水洗器對氣溶膠的過濾性能與氣溶膠粒徑、水洗器結(jié)構(gòu)以及兩相流動參數(shù)密切相關(guān),過濾效率主要受限于對小粒徑氣溶膠的去除能力,為了改善水洗器的除塵效率,研究中對水洗器的結(jié)構(gòu)和操作參數(shù)進行優(yōu)化,得到了滿足效率要求的設(shè)計方案。文丘里水洗器對碘單質(zhì)具有出色的過濾性能,在引射量充足情況下對結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)和操作參數(shù)的變化不敏感。相反,文丘里水洗器對甲基碘氣體的過濾性能較差,并且改變結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)和操作參數(shù)對效率的改善作用不大。3、基于亨利定律和質(zhì)量守恒原理,通過實驗測量了不同溫度和壓力下的甲基碘氣體溶解度系數(shù),擬合得到了溶解度系數(shù)在不同參數(shù)下的統(tǒng)一計算式。借助溶解度系數(shù)的測量結(jié)果,在溶解飽和的假設(shè)前提下,對文丘里水洗器和出口淹沒段內(nèi)溶液的甲基碘最大吸收能力進行計算,以此確定效率改進的主要方向。4、以文丘里水洗器出口淹沒段內(nèi)溶液的除氣過程為研究背景,對鼓泡層內(nèi)甲基碘氣體的吸收規(guī)律進行了研究。實驗中通過對氣體吸收的非平衡態(tài)特征分析,研究了傳質(zhì)速率和化學(xué)反應(yīng)速率對平衡態(tài)效率的影響,通過過程分析確定不同工況下限制吸收效率的主要因素,并驗證了限制因素改進后對效率的影響。實驗中還系統(tǒng)的研究了溶液溫度、系統(tǒng)壓力、氣相流量、溶液液位以及入口甲基碘氣體濃度等參數(shù)對穩(wěn)態(tài)吸收效率的影響規(guī)律。
[Abstract]:The containment of the nuclear power plant is the last barrier to prevent the release of the radioactive product to the environment. In the event of a severe accident similar to the core penetration of the pressure vessel, a high temperature and high temperature of the coolant is released into the containment and the pressure in the containment continues to rise, The integrity of the containment may be compromised when the pressure exceeds the safety limit. The containment filtration and drainage system ensures the integrity of the containment by means of active pressure relief, while removing the radioactive material from the exhaust gas through the filter components of the system. In this paper, the performance of the self-suction venturi scrubber and the removal of aerosol, iodine and methyl iodide from the suction mechanism and the water scrubber of the self-suction venturi scrubber are studied and the theoretical analysis is carried out in this paper. The experimental part is mainly carried out under the condition of cold state. The main research work is as follows: 1. The static pressure distribution in the section of the throat section (integral) and the nozzle outlet (split) of the self-suction type Venturi water washer and the effect of the pressure distribution on the injection quantity are studied. The results show that the static pressure gradient in the radial direction of the integral venturi scrubber is significant, and the pressure difference in the radial direction shows a significant regional effect with the flow velocity in the range of different flow velocity. the static pressure also has a significant radial distribution gradient on the outlet cross-section of the nozzle of the split-type venturi water washer, and the pressure in the liquid channel is closely related to the pressure distribution at the wall of the nozzle, As a result of the interaction of the gas-liquid, the pressure in the liquid channel is increased in an additional increment, thereby limiting the effective suction pressure difference of the injection liquid. By means of further theoretical analysis and experimental study, the influence of operating parameters and structural parameters on the ejection performance is obtained, and an effective method to improve the injection quantity is finally obtained. The experimental and theoretical analysis of the dust removal and the degas characteristics of the self-suction type Venturi water washer are carried out. The results show that the filter performance of the Venturi scrubber is closely related to the aerosol particle size, the structure of the water scrubber and the two-phase flow parameters, and the filtration efficiency is mainly limited to the removal ability of the small particle size aerosol. In order to improve the dust removal efficiency of the water washer, The structure and operating parameters of the water scrubber were optimized in the study, and the design scheme to meet the efficiency requirement was obtained. The Venturi water washer has excellent filtering performance on the iodine simple substance, and is insensitive to the change of the structural parameters and the operating parameters in the case of sufficient injection quantity. in contrast, the filtering performance of the methyl iodide gas by the Venturi water washing device is poor, and the effect of changing the structural parameters and the operating parameters on the efficiency is not great; and 3, the solubility coefficient of the methyl iodide under different temperatures and pressures is measured by experiments based on the Henry's law and the mass conservation principle, and the uniform calculation formula of the solubility coefficient under different parameters is obtained. By means of the measurement of the solubility coefficient, the maximum absorption capacity of the methyl iodide in the solution in the venturi scrubber and the outlet inundated section is calculated on the assumption that the saturation is dissolved, thereby determining the main direction of the efficiency improvement. The absorption law of the methyl iodide gas in the bubble layer was studied in the background of the gas removal process of the solution in the outlet of the venturi scrubber. The influence of mass transfer rate and chemical reaction rate on the equilibrium efficiency is studied by the non-equilibrium characteristic analysis of gas absorption, and the main factors limiting the absorption efficiency under different working conditions are determined through the process analysis, and the effect of the limiting factor on the efficiency is also verified. The influence of the parameters of solution temperature, system pressure, gas phase flow, solution liquid level and inlet methyl iodide gas concentration on the steady-state absorption efficiency was also studied in the experiment.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：哈爾濱工程大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：TL364.3

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