中國和歐盟低碳發(fā)展比較研究
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-10-05 06:27
【摘要】：氣候變化問題已成為人類社會面臨的嚴(yán)峻考驗(yàn)之一。這場考驗(yàn)不僅威脅人類的生存和發(fā)展,還使得人類面臨著來自能源安全性方面的挑戰(zhàn),此外,2009年的全球金融危機(jī)促使世界各國尋求新的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長點(diǎn)。發(fā)展低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)作為應(yīng)對氣候變化、協(xié)調(diào)社會經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、保障能源安全與應(yīng)對氣候變化的基本途徑,已經(jīng)逐漸取得世界上越來越多國家的認(rèn)同。為了應(yīng)對全球氣候變化和確保能源安全,確保在新一輪的國際新秩序建立過程中搶占有利地位,很多發(fā)達(dá)國家都轉(zhuǎn)變了發(fā)展思路,尋求向低碳發(fā)展模式轉(zhuǎn)變。 本文從歷史演進(jìn)的角度,以二氧化碳排放強(qiáng)度、人均二氧化碳排放量、二氧化碳排放總量三個指標(biāo)為切入點(diǎn),對碳排放歷史演進(jìn)階段及各階段的主導(dǎo)性驅(qū)動因素進(jìn)行分析,并在此基礎(chǔ)上對中歐當(dāng)前所處的低碳發(fā)展階段進(jìn)行判定；接下來又基于脫鉤理論對中國和歐盟國家近期經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展與碳排放脫鉤程度進(jìn)行比較研究,結(jié)果如下： (1)歐盟15國基本上跨越了碳排放強(qiáng)度的倒U型曲線高峰,但是各國碳排放強(qiáng)度高峰出現(xiàn)時(shí)的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平差異很大,各國碳排放強(qiáng)度峰值也存在較大差異。中國的碳排放強(qiáng)度呈現(xiàn)出比較明顯的雙峰曲線特征,分別于上世紀(jì)60年代初、70年代中后期出現(xiàn)碳排放強(qiáng)度峰值,中國碳排放強(qiáng)度在上世紀(jì)80年代和90年出現(xiàn)持續(xù)下降趨勢,但是在21世紀(jì)初又出現(xiàn)了反彈,這說明中國尚未完全實(shí)現(xiàn)碳排放強(qiáng)度的穩(wěn)定下降。 (2)一些發(fā)達(dá)國家如德國、比利時(shí)、丹麥、法國、愛爾蘭、瑞典、荷蘭、英國和美國等基本上跨越了人均碳排放量的高峰,芬蘭、希臘、意大利、葡萄牙等國的人均碳排放量發(fā)展趨勢仍需繼續(xù)觀察,他們目前可能或者正在跨越人均二氧化碳排放量高峰。雖然中國已經(jīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)了碳排放強(qiáng)度高峰的跨越,但是其碳強(qiáng)度下降趨勢還不穩(wěn)定,中國還需要很長的時(shí)間才能達(dá)到人均碳排放量峰值。 (3)僅有7個歐盟國家(比利時(shí)、丹麥、法國、德國、荷蘭、瑞典、英國等)跨越了碳排放總量高峰。 (4)通過觀察近半個世紀(jì)中國、歐盟15國、美國、日本、印度和巴西的碳排放和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的關(guān)系可以發(fā)現(xiàn)：大部分發(fā)達(dá)國家都出現(xiàn)過強(qiáng)脫鉤,且發(fā)達(dá)國家脫鉤彈性值的變化趨勢基本一致；但是3個發(fā)展中國家經(jīng)濟(jì)增長與碳排放脫鉤特征的變化趨勢差異較大。發(fā)展階段不同將會對中歐低碳國際定位、低碳戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)的制定和低碳政策的取向產(chǎn)生不同的影響。 在對中歐低碳發(fā)展階段比較研究的基礎(chǔ)上,研究中歐追求的低碳發(fā)展國際定位。在低碳發(fā)展國際領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力方面,歐盟具有低碳發(fā)展的先發(fā)優(yōu)勢,而且其還通過一系列舉措強(qiáng)化這些優(yōu)勢,盡管近年來隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的低迷歐盟低碳發(fā)展領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力出現(xiàn)下降,但這并未動搖其領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者地位；目前中國在國際低碳發(fā)展領(lǐng)域仍處于追隨者的地位,中國已成為世界上最大的溫室氣體排放國,在領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力方面與歐盟存在很大差距,但是中國仍存在實(shí)現(xiàn)低碳發(fā)展領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力的潛力和可能性。 國內(nèi)低碳政策的有效實(shí)施是歐盟實(shí)現(xiàn)低碳發(fā)展國際領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力的重要基礎(chǔ)。本文從低碳政策歷史演進(jìn)、低碳發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)與實(shí)施路徑規(guī)劃、低碳發(fā)展政策實(shí)施現(xiàn)狀3個方面對中歐低碳發(fā)展政策進(jìn)行比較研究,其中低碳發(fā)展政策實(shí)施現(xiàn)狀比較研究主要從中歐追求低碳發(fā)展的財(cái)稅政策、面向企業(yè)的節(jié)能政策以及能效政策3個維度展開。研究結(jié)論如下： (1)歐盟應(yīng)對氣候變化、追求低碳發(fā)展的政策演進(jìn)歷程也是其政策一體化逐步深化的過程,大致經(jīng)歷了萌芽(20世紀(jì)80年代中后期)、發(fā)展(20世紀(jì)90年代)和基本成熟(2000年以后)三個階段；相對而言,中國應(yīng)對氣候變化、低碳發(fā)展政策的發(fā)展速度比較慢,20世紀(jì)80年代至2005年是中國應(yīng)對氣候變化、追求低碳發(fā)展政策的萌芽階段,迄今為止中國的低碳發(fā)展政策尚處于發(fā)展階段。 (2)中國進(jìn)行節(jié)能減排控制對象和歐盟溫室氣體減排控制對象非常相似,都是以重點(diǎn)耗能企業(yè)作為控制對象,且兩者都是以循序漸進(jìn)的手段逐步擴(kuò)大控制對象的范圍,但是兩者具有不同的政策工具選擇偏好：歐盟低碳發(fā)展政策的主要特點(diǎn)是以市場機(jī)制為基礎(chǔ)；而中國當(dāng)前的低碳政策是以政府管制為主,市場機(jī)制為輔。 發(fā)展階段不同、政策環(huán)境不同,造成中歐低碳發(fā)展目標(biāo)選擇的不同。中國在選擇低碳發(fā)展政策工具時(shí)應(yīng)認(rèn)真考慮自身當(dāng)期的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展?fàn)顩r、政策環(huán)境狀況、碳排放發(fā)展的階段特征以及低碳發(fā)展目標(biāo)�；谝陨蠈χ袊蜌W盟低碳發(fā)展的定性和定量比較研究,本文提出中國深化低碳發(fā)展建議如下： (1)通過加強(qiáng)國際合作等方式提升中國應(yīng)對氣候變化國際影響力,在全球低碳發(fā)展新秩序構(gòu)建中占據(jù)有利地位,為追求氣候變化國際領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力奠定基礎(chǔ)； (2)中國應(yīng)為應(yīng)對氣候變化、實(shí)現(xiàn)低碳發(fā)展制定中長期目標(biāo)并對實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)的的路線圖進(jìn)行規(guī)劃； (3)繼續(xù)使用以管制-命令和制定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為代表的傳統(tǒng)政策工具； (4)推進(jìn)基于市場的政策工具：積極探索低碳稅收政策；循序漸進(jìn)的推進(jìn)碳排放交易市場建設(shè)。
[Abstract]:Climate change has become one of the severe tests for human society. The test not only threatens human survival and development, but also faces challenges from energy security. In addition, the 2009 global financial crisis has prompted the world's countries to seek new economic growth points. The development of low-carbon economy as the basic way to deal with climate change, coordinate socio-economic development, safeguard energy security and respond to climate change has gradually gained the recognition of more and more countries in the world. In order to address global climate change and to ensure energy security, to ensure a favourable position in the new round of international new order creation, many developed countries have shifted their development ideas and sought to shift towards a low-carbon development paradigm. From the perspective of historical evolution, this paper takes three indexes of carbon dioxide emission intensity, per capita carbon dioxide emission and carbon dioxide emission as the entry point, and carries out the main driving factors of carbon emission history evolution stage and each stage. Based on the analysis, the paper makes a decision on the low carbon development stage at present in China and Europe, and then compares the recent economic development and carbon emission decoupling degree between China and EU countries based on the decoupling theory. The following conclusions are as follows: (1) The EU 15 countries have basically crossed the peak of the inverted U-shaped curve of carbon emission intensity, but the economic development level at the peak of carbon emission intensity in each country is very different, and the peak of carbon emission intensity in each country is also saved. In the middle and late 1970s, the carbon emission intensity peaked in the middle and late 1970s, and the intensity of carbon emission in China continued to decline in the 1980s and 1990s, but in the beginning of the 21st century, China's carbon emission intensity showed a continuous decline in carbon emission intensity. A rebound has shown that China has not yet fully achieved its carbon emission intensity The steady decline in carbon emissions in some developed countries, such as Germany, Belgium, Denmark, France, Ireland, Sweden, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States, has substantially spanned the per capita carbon emissions per capita in countries such as Germany, Belgium, Denmark, France, Ireland, Sweden, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States The trend continues to be observed, and they may or are currently crossing per capita. Carbon dioxide emissions peak. Although China has achieved a peak in carbon emission intensity, its carbon intensity decline is still unstable, and China needs a long time to reach Carbon emissions per capita. (3) Only 7 EU countries (Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Netherlands, Sweden, UK, etc.) (4) The relationship between carbon emission and economic development in 15 countries, the United States, Japan, India and Brazil can be found by observing the relationship between carbon emission and economic development in China, EU 15 countries, the United States, Japan, India and Brazil in recent half century. The trend of decoupling elastic values is basically consistent; however, economic growth and carbon emission in 3 developing countries The variation trend of the release decoupling characteristics is large. The development stage will be different for the development of the low-carbon international positioning and low-carbon strategic target in China and Europe. The orientation of low carbon policy produces different effects. The basis of comparative study on the phase of low carbon development in central Europe On the basis of the international leadership of low-carbon development, the EU has the first advantage of low carbon development, and it has strengthened these advantages through a series of initiatives, although in recent years, with the economic downturn, the EU's low-carbon development leadership However, China is still in its position in the field of international low-carbon development, and China has become the world's largest emitter of greenhouse gases, with a wide gap in leadership with the European Union, but China remains Potential and potential for low-carbon development leadership. Effective consolidation of domestic low-carbon policies Shi is an important basis for the EU to realize the international leadership of low carbon development. This paper is based on the low carbon policy historical evolution, the strategic target of low carbon development and the implementation path planning, and the implementation of low carbon development policy. A comparative study of China-EU low-carbon development policy is carried out in three aspects: the comparative study on the implementation of low-carbon development policy is mainly from the tax policy and face of the pursuit of low-carbon development in Central Europe Energy-saving administration of enterprises The research conclusions are as follows: (1) The EU should deal with climate change and pursue the policy evolution of low carbon development. In the middle and late 1980s, the development (1990s) and the basic maturity (beyond 2000) were three stages; in contrast, China was relatively slow to cope with climate change, low carbon development policies, and the 1980s to 2005. It's China's germination of climate change and pursuing low-carbon development policies So far, China's low-carbon development policy is still at the stage of development. (2) China's energy-saving and emission-reduction control targets and EU greenhouse gas emission reduction control targets are very similar, all of which are focused on energy-consuming enterprises as control pairs. Like, and both are step-by-step means to gradually expand the scope of the control object, both have different policy tool selection preferences: the main characteristic of the EU low carbon development policy is based on the market mechanism China's current low-carbon policy is dominated by government and the market mechanism is supplemented. The development phase is different, the policy environment is different, resulting in the choice of China-EU low-carbon development goal. China should carefully consider itself as the economic development of the period when choosing the low-carbon development policy tool The status of exhibition, the status of policy environment, the stage characteristics of carbon emission development and the goal of low carbon development. Based on the above, the low carbon in China and the EU The qualitative and quantitative comparative study of the development of China suggests that China's proposal to deepen the low-carbon development is as follows: (1) Enhancing China's international influence on climate change by strengthening international cooperation and other ways, with a low global level A favorable position in the construction of carbon development new order, laying the foundation for pursuing the international leadership of climate change; (2) China shall be Addressing climate change, achieving medium-and long-term goals for low-carbon development and achieving a goal-oriented approach Planning; (3) continuing to use traditional policy tools, represented by control-orders and development standards; (
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國科學(xué)技術(shù)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：X321;F124.5
本文編號：2252357
[Abstract]:Climate change has become one of the severe tests for human society. The test not only threatens human survival and development, but also faces challenges from energy security. In addition, the 2009 global financial crisis has prompted the world's countries to seek new economic growth points. The development of low-carbon economy as the basic way to deal with climate change, coordinate socio-economic development, safeguard energy security and respond to climate change has gradually gained the recognition of more and more countries in the world. In order to address global climate change and to ensure energy security, to ensure a favourable position in the new round of international new order creation, many developed countries have shifted their development ideas and sought to shift towards a low-carbon development paradigm. From the perspective of historical evolution, this paper takes three indexes of carbon dioxide emission intensity, per capita carbon dioxide emission and carbon dioxide emission as the entry point, and carries out the main driving factors of carbon emission history evolution stage and each stage. Based on the analysis, the paper makes a decision on the low carbon development stage at present in China and Europe, and then compares the recent economic development and carbon emission decoupling degree between China and EU countries based on the decoupling theory. The following conclusions are as follows: (1) The EU 15 countries have basically crossed the peak of the inverted U-shaped curve of carbon emission intensity, but the economic development level at the peak of carbon emission intensity in each country is very different, and the peak of carbon emission intensity in each country is also saved. In the middle and late 1970s, the carbon emission intensity peaked in the middle and late 1970s, and the intensity of carbon emission in China continued to decline in the 1980s and 1990s, but in the beginning of the 21st century, China's carbon emission intensity showed a continuous decline in carbon emission intensity. A rebound has shown that China has not yet fully achieved its carbon emission intensity The steady decline in carbon emissions in some developed countries, such as Germany, Belgium, Denmark, France, Ireland, Sweden, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States, has substantially spanned the per capita carbon emissions per capita in countries such as Germany, Belgium, Denmark, France, Ireland, Sweden, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States The trend continues to be observed, and they may or are currently crossing per capita. Carbon dioxide emissions peak. Although China has achieved a peak in carbon emission intensity, its carbon intensity decline is still unstable, and China needs a long time to reach Carbon emissions per capita. (3) Only 7 EU countries (Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Netherlands, Sweden, UK, etc.) (4) The relationship between carbon emission and economic development in 15 countries, the United States, Japan, India and Brazil can be found by observing the relationship between carbon emission and economic development in China, EU 15 countries, the United States, Japan, India and Brazil in recent half century. The trend of decoupling elastic values is basically consistent; however, economic growth and carbon emission in 3 developing countries The variation trend of the release decoupling characteristics is large. The development stage will be different for the development of the low-carbon international positioning and low-carbon strategic target in China and Europe. The orientation of low carbon policy produces different effects. The basis of comparative study on the phase of low carbon development in central Europe On the basis of the international leadership of low-carbon development, the EU has the first advantage of low carbon development, and it has strengthened these advantages through a series of initiatives, although in recent years, with the economic downturn, the EU's low-carbon development leadership However, China is still in its position in the field of international low-carbon development, and China has become the world's largest emitter of greenhouse gases, with a wide gap in leadership with the European Union, but China remains Potential and potential for low-carbon development leadership. Effective consolidation of domestic low-carbon policies Shi is an important basis for the EU to realize the international leadership of low carbon development. This paper is based on the low carbon policy historical evolution, the strategic target of low carbon development and the implementation path planning, and the implementation of low carbon development policy. A comparative study of China-EU low-carbon development policy is carried out in three aspects: the comparative study on the implementation of low-carbon development policy is mainly from the tax policy and face of the pursuit of low-carbon development in Central Europe Energy-saving administration of enterprises The research conclusions are as follows: (1) The EU should deal with climate change and pursue the policy evolution of low carbon development. In the middle and late 1980s, the development (1990s) and the basic maturity (beyond 2000) were three stages; in contrast, China was relatively slow to cope with climate change, low carbon development policies, and the 1980s to 2005. It's China's germination of climate change and pursuing low-carbon development policies So far, China's low-carbon development policy is still at the stage of development. (2) China's energy-saving and emission-reduction control targets and EU greenhouse gas emission reduction control targets are very similar, all of which are focused on energy-consuming enterprises as control pairs. Like, and both are step-by-step means to gradually expand the scope of the control object, both have different policy tool selection preferences: the main characteristic of the EU low carbon development policy is based on the market mechanism China's current low-carbon policy is dominated by government and the market mechanism is supplemented. The development phase is different, the policy environment is different, resulting in the choice of China-EU low-carbon development goal. China should carefully consider itself as the economic development of the period when choosing the low-carbon development policy tool The status of exhibition, the status of policy environment, the stage characteristics of carbon emission development and the goal of low carbon development. Based on the above, the low carbon in China and the EU The qualitative and quantitative comparative study of the development of China suggests that China's proposal to deepen the low-carbon development is as follows: (1) Enhancing China's international influence on climate change by strengthening international cooperation and other ways, with a low global level A favorable position in the construction of carbon development new order, laying the foundation for pursuing the international leadership of climate change; (2) China shall be Addressing climate change, achieving medium-and long-term goals for low-carbon development and achieving a goal-oriented approach Planning; (3) continuing to use traditional policy tools, represented by control-orders and development standards; (
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國科學(xué)技術(shù)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：X321;F124.5
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