本文選題：晚清 + 民國�。� 參考：《中央民族大學(xué)》2013年碩士論文

【摘要】：晚清至民國蒙古族經(jīng)濟(jì)史研究以1840年鴉片戰(zhàn)爭為起點(diǎn),以1949年新中國成立為終點(diǎn),歷時(shí)一百一十年。百年里,蒙古族經(jīng)濟(jì)從自主走向半殖民地化,又從半殖民地化墜入殖民地化；百年里,蒙古族自己自足的生產(chǎn)方式被打破,取而代之的是各剝削階級無以復(fù)加的瘋狂掠奪；也是在這一百年里,蒙古族畜牧業(yè)由盛至衰,跌入歷史最低谷�？梢哉f,晚清至民國的百年歷史是以日、俄為首的帝國主義列強(qiáng)對蒙古族經(jīng)濟(jì)的侵略史,也是蒙古族經(jīng)濟(jì)的衰落史,更是蒙古族人民維護(hù)經(jīng)濟(jì)利益的血淚史和反抗史。 1840年爆發(fā)的鴉片戰(zhàn)爭將中國歷史帶入晚清時(shí)段,也開啟了帝國主義列強(qiáng)掠奪蒙古族經(jīng)濟(jì)的歷史,蒙古族經(jīng)濟(jì)由盛轉(zhuǎn)衰,經(jīng)濟(jì)制度由封建制轉(zhuǎn)至半殖民地半官僚制。以日俄為首的帝國主義列強(qiáng)通過在蒙古族聚居區(qū)傳播洋教、開設(shè)洋行、培植高利貸商人的方式掠奪蒙古族資源、搶占蒙古族土地、搜刮蒙古族百姓。腐朽無能的清政府不僅無力抵抗,反而默認(rèn)縱容,在財(cái)政枯竭,國庫無源的情況下,清政府也將搜掠的矛頭指向廣大蒙古族人民,“新政”和“移民實(shí)邊”政策即是清政府對蒙古族經(jīng)濟(jì)搜刮的開始。蒙古族王公為博得清政府的垂青,滿足自身對奢靡生活的追求,不僅對清政府開墾蒙荒之策積極迎合,更有甚者主動向清政府呈奉土地,以獲得加官進(jìn)爵之機(jī)和豐厚銀兩之賞�？蓱z的蒙古族人民在晚清時(shí)期同時(shí)遭受著來自帝國主義列強(qiáng)、清政府、蒙古王公、喇嘛的多重剝削,經(jīng)濟(jì)壓力之大、生計(jì)之苦無以言表。為維護(hù)自身經(jīng)濟(jì)利益,保護(hù)蒙古族土地,歷來英勇且具有反抗精神的蒙古族人民開始了反帝、反清、反蒙古封建王公的斗爭歷程,雖最終均以失敗告終,但在一定程度上打擊了各反動政權(quán)的掠奪氣焰,延緩了對蒙古族的土地開發(fā)和經(jīng)濟(jì)掠奪。 1911年10月10日,由孫中山領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的新民主主義革命推翻了清王朝的腐朽統(tǒng)治,持續(xù)兩千多年的封建君主專制制度隨即滅亡,但蒙古族所承受的經(jīng)濟(jì)剝削不但沒有消失,取而代之的是北洋政府、國民政府、日本、俄國等軍閥和列強(qiáng)輪流甚至同時(shí)的經(jīng)濟(jì)壓迫。在這個(gè)黑暗且混亂的歷史時(shí)期內(nèi),蒙古族基本上失去了經(jīng)濟(jì)的自主權(quán),更談不上經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。在北洋政府、國民政府、偽滿興安政府和偽蒙疆政府的多重剝削下,蒙古族經(jīng)濟(jì)半殖民地化程度逐漸加深,甚至被完全殖民化。此時(shí)期的蒙古族民眾有忍受,也有反抗,“獨(dú)貴龍”抗墾斗爭此起彼伏,著名的嘎達(dá)梅林起義就是最典型的代表。但蒙古族人民的反抗斗爭終因統(tǒng)治階級勢力過于強(qiáng)大而失敗,但其保護(hù)蒙古族牧場,為蒙古族的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益不懈斗爭的精神世代頌揚(yáng)。 值得慶幸的是,民國時(shí)期還存在著一個(gè)正義且民主的政權(quán)最終將蒙古族人民從水深火熱中解救出來,這個(gè)政權(quán)就是由中國共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的新民主主義革命政權(quán),其通過在蒙古族聚居區(qū)建立抗日根據(jù)地和解放區(qū)的方式帶領(lǐng)蒙古族人民擺脫了反動政權(quán)繁重的經(jīng)濟(jì)壓迫,走上了沒有經(jīng)濟(jì)壓迫和剝削的自治發(fā)展道路。 本文以晚清至民國時(shí)期蒙古族農(nóng)牧民與統(tǒng)治階級之間的經(jīng)濟(jì)矛盾為主線,以該時(shí)期蒙古族人口、畜牧業(yè)、農(nóng)業(yè)、工商業(yè)、金融貨幣業(yè)及蒙古族與其他民族的經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系等方面為主要研究內(nèi)容,最終總結(jié)出該時(shí)期蒙古族經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展趨勢,并以史為鑒,吸取教訓(xùn),致用今朝。
[Abstract]:The study on the economic history of the Mongolian nationality in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China took the Opium War in 1840 as the starting point, and took the founding of the new China as the end of the year in 1949. It took one hundred and ten years. In a hundred years, the Mongolian economy went from autonomy to semi colonization and from semi colonization to colonization. In a hundred years, the Mongolian self-sufficient mode of production was broken and replaced. It is the crazy plundering of the exploitation class, and in the one hundred years, the Mongolian animal husbandry has fallen from its prosperity to the lowest point of history. It can be said that the history of the century of the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China is the history of aggression against the Mongolian economy, the history of the Mongolian economy, and the maintenance of the Mongolian people. The history of blood tears and the history of resistance in economic interests.
The Opium War, which broke out in 1840, brought Chinese history into the period of the late Qing Dynasty, and opened the history of the imperialist powers plundering the Mongolian economy. The economy of the Mongolian nationality was turned from prosperity to decline, and the economic system was transferred from feudalism to semi colonial and semi bureaucracy. By planting the usurer, the Mongolian resources are plundered, Mongolian land is seized and Mongolian people are seized. The corrupt and incompetent Qing government is not only unable to resist, but acquieses by default. In the case of financial exhaustion and the passive state of the Treasury, the Qing government also points to the ancient people of Guang Dameng, the "New Deal" and "immigrant real" policy, that is, The Qing government began to search for the Mongolian economy. The Mongol Wang Gong was able to win the Qing government and meet his own pursuit of extravagant life. Not only did it actively cater for the policy of reclamation of the Qing government, but also took the initiative to present the land to the Qing government, so that the poor Mongolian people were in the late Qing Dynasty. At the same time, the period suffered from the multiple exploitation of the imperialist powers, the Qing government, the Mongolia Wang Gong, the Lama, the great economic pressure, and the livelihood of the Mongol people who had always fought against imperialism, anti Qing and anti Mongolia feudal princes. All of them ended in failure, but to a certain extent, they attacked the plundering of the reactionary regimes and delayed the land exploitation and economic plundering of the Mongolian people.
In October 10, 1911, the new democratic revolution led by Sun Zhongshan overthrew the decadent rule of the Qing Dynasty. The autocratic monarchy system of the feudal monarchy lasted for more than two thousand years, but the economic exploitation of the Mongolian people has not disappeared, but instead of the northern foreign government, the national government, Japan and Russia, the warlords and the powers are in turn even the same. In this dark and chaotic historical period, the Mongolian nationality had lost its economic autonomy and not the economic development. Under the multiple exploitation of the Beiyang government, the national government, the puppet Xingan government and the puppet Mongol government, the semi colonial degree of the Mongolian economy was gradually deepened and even completely colonized. The Mongolian people in the period had endured and rebelled, and the struggle for resistance to reclamation of the "single dragon" was the most typical representative. However, the rebellion struggle of the Mongolian people eventually failed because the ruling class was too powerful, but it protected the Mongolian ranch and struggled unremittingly for the economic interests of the Mongolian nationality. Glorification.
Fortunately, there was a just and democratic regime in the Republic of China that eventually saved the Mongolian people from the hot water. This regime was a new democratic revolutionary regime led by the Communist Party of China, which led the Mongolian people through the establishment of the Anti Japanese base areas and Jiefang District in the Mongol habitation area. Without the heavy economic oppression of the reactionary regime, it has embarked on the path of self governance without economic oppression and exploitation.
This paper, taking the economic contradiction between the Mongolian farmers and herdsmen and the ruling class of the Mongolian nationality in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China as the main line, mainly studies the Mongolian population, animal husbandry, agriculture, industry and commerce, the financial and monetary industry and the economic relations between the Mongolian and other ethnic groups, and finally summarizes the development trend of the Mongolian economy in this period, and then, Learn from history, learn lessons, and use it today.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中央民族大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：F129

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