發(fā)布時間：2018-03-17 00:17

  本文選題：山東　切入點：會館　出處：《山東大學》2015年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：會館是產(chǎn)生于明清之際的社會組織,有關(guān)于會館的定義歷來眾說紛紜。一說,會館是單純的同鄉(xiāng)性組織；一說,會館是商業(yè)資本的組織。從會館的產(chǎn)生緣由來看,同鄉(xiāng)性占主導地位,.而在會館的發(fā)展過程中,行業(yè)性特征則越來越明顯。因而會館是融同鄉(xiāng)性、行業(yè)性為一體的社會組織,它適應社會的變遷而產(chǎn)生,在內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整的同時,對外也在進行不斷地整合。山東位于中國東部,北瀕渤海,東臨黃海,是京杭大運河的必經(jīng)之路,其四季分明,經(jīng)濟基礎(chǔ)較好,因而歷來為商人所重視。明清時期的“一條鞭法”、“攤丁入畝”等賦役政策的變革,又進一步促進了人口流動,南來北往的商人紛紛來此經(jīng)商。清中葉以后,山東地區(qū)的會館如雨后春筍般建立起來,其中有來自西北的山陜會館,也有來自長江流域的浙閩會館、蘇州會館、江西會館,還有來自珠江流域的廣東會館等。從會館的構(gòu)成看,主要有行業(yè)會館、工商會館、移民會館等。從功能性角度來說,會館在建成后通過各種方式參與到市場運作中來,與政府的互動也日益頻繁,這些都說明會館作為非官方協(xié)調(diào)管理的基層組織,發(fā)揮著它的社會、經(jīng)濟、文化功能。從歷時性角度來說,會館這一傳統(tǒng)的社會組織,在近代社會的發(fā)展變化中,有的衰落了,有的成為了單純的同鄉(xiāng)組織,有的向商會轉(zhuǎn)化,有的則成為了近代政治活動的場所。從十七世紀中期會館在山東興起,直到二十世紀中期退出歷史舞臺,會館在山東的歷史上存續(xù)了約300年的時間。在這期間里,會館拉動了山東經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展,促進了不同階層、不同地域間的文化往來。在發(fā)展過程中,士紳文化與平民文化不斷融合,內(nèi)陸文化與沿海文化不斷交流,中國文化與海外文化在此碰撞。山東地區(qū)的會館,本身就是一個文化符號,它的產(chǎn)生、發(fā)展、變化、衰落,反映了山東政治、經(jīng)濟、文化的發(fā)展與走向。
[Abstract]:The guild hall is a social organization born in the Ming and Qing dynasties. There are different opinions about the definition of the clubhouse. One says that the clubhouse is a purely homegrown organization; the other is that the guild is an organization of commercial capital. Judging from the origin of the guild, In the course of the development of the clubhouse, the characteristics of industry are becoming more and more obvious. As a result, the guild hall is a social organization integrated with the nature of the same country and industry, and it adapts to the changes of society and at the same time adjusts the internal structure. Shandong is located in eastern China, bordering the Bohai Sea in the north and Huang Hai in the east. It is the only road for the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal. It has four distinct seasons and a sound economic base. As a result, merchants have always attached importance to it. The reform of the tax policy of the Ming and Qing dynasties, such as the "one whip law" and the "spreading into mu", further promoted population mobility, and businessmen from the south to the north came to do business here one after another. After the middle of the Qing Dynasty, The clubhouses in Shandong have sprung up like bamboo shoots. Among them are the Shanshan Guild from the Northwest, the Zhejiang and Fujian Guilds from the Yangtze River Basin, the Suzhou Guild Hall, and the Jiangxi Guild Hall. There is also the Guangdong Guild Hall from the Pearl River Basin. From the composition of the Guild Hall, there are mainly the Trade Guild, the Industry and Commerce Guild, the Immigration Guild, and so on. From a functional point of view, the Guild will participate in the operation of the market through various means after its completion. Interaction with the government is also becoming more and more frequent, which shows that the Guildhall, as a grass-roots organization that is not officially coordinated and managed, plays its social, economic, and cultural functions. From a diachronic point of view, the Guildhall is a traditional social organization. In the course of the development and changes of modern society, some have declined, some have become simple townships, some have transformed into chambers of commerce, and some have become places of modern political activities. Until the middle of 20th century, when it withdrew from the historical stage, the Guild Hall lasted about 300 years in the history of Shandong. During this period, the Guild Hall stimulated the development of Shandong's economy and promoted different classes. Cultural exchanges between different regions. In the process of development, gentry culture and civilian culture continuously merged, inland culture and coastal culture continued to exchange, Chinese culture and overseas culture collided here. Its emergence, development, change and decline reflect the development and trend of politics, economy and culture in Shandong.
【學位授予單位】：山東大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：K29

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