間套作苜蓿對(duì)冬小麥土壤養(yǎng)分、水分和土地經(jīng)濟(jì)效益的影響
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-08-01 12:42
【摘要】：小麥苜蓿間套作是一種理想的現(xiàn)代生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)模式。此種植模式中苜蓿的固氮作用改善作物根際間的營(yíng)養(yǎng)環(huán)境,提高作物產(chǎn)量與土地的利用效率,改善品質(zhì),增加當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)民地產(chǎn)收入。促進(jìn)多種作物的全面發(fā)展。而且還可以在麥?zhǔn)蘸蟪浞掷煤透纳铺镩g生態(tài)環(huán)境資源,通過(guò)與畜牧副業(yè)的結(jié)合提高種植者的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益,并使農(nóng)業(yè)與牧業(yè)有機(jī)結(jié)合協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展,促進(jìn)生態(tài)平衡。實(shí)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)量效益、經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和生態(tài)效益共同發(fā)展。因此,小麥/苜蓿間套體系對(duì)于我國(guó)小麥生產(chǎn)和農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的目標(biāo)實(shí)現(xiàn)具有重要意義和相當(dāng)可觀的前景。本研究在山西省臨汾市堯都區(qū)縣底鎮(zhèn)東杜村設(shè)立田間試驗(yàn),設(shè)小麥單播(XD)、小麥苜蓿間套作(XMT)與苜蓿單播(MD)三個(gè)處理模式,并與鄰地對(duì)照(CK)進(jìn)行研究,通過(guò)室外與室內(nèi)兩種實(shí)驗(yàn)方法對(duì)其土壤水分、土壤養(yǎng)分、作物產(chǎn)量與其經(jīng)濟(jì)效益進(jìn)行測(cè)定分析,利用SPSS對(duì)各模式的土壤指標(biāo)進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單描述性統(tǒng)計(jì)分析及顯著性分析,進(jìn)而總結(jié)出小麥苜蓿間套作對(duì)其各個(gè)指標(biāo)的影響。本文主要研究結(jié)果如下:(1)小麥、苜蓿單播與小麥/苜蓿間套種植三種處理方式下土壤水分的1m深度分層含量及剖面分布特征。土壤含水量在耕作前期與后期三個(gè)處理模式與對(duì)照總體都較少,中期較多。三個(gè)模式來(lái)看,在耕作前期、中期和后期土壤含水量都從表層向深層不斷波動(dòng)遞增。就土壤含水量各層次來(lái)看,表層三個(gè)處理模式都含量遠(yuǎn)低于深層土壤含水量,并且深層次MD處理模式含水量值較低于兩者。從土壤水分消耗量來(lái)看呈現(xiàn)CKXDXMTMD。并且這也可以說(shuō)明苜蓿在一定程度有利于保持土壤水分。則小麥苜蓿間套作中苜蓿在一定程度有利于對(duì)土壤水分的保存,進(jìn)一步補(bǔ)充小麥生長(zhǎng)需水分。在試驗(yàn)區(qū)為地形平坦的平原地區(qū)以小麥糧食作物為主,但考慮土壤水分,進(jìn)行小麥苜蓿間套作是可行的。(2)小麥、苜蓿單播與小麥/苜蓿間套種植三種處理方式下土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)、pH和氮、磷、鉀養(yǎng)分的2m深度的分層含量及剖面分布特征。對(duì)照CK有機(jī)質(zhì)含量各層次均大于三個(gè)處理,各處理土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)剖面分布均呈S型,表層0~20cm土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量XD(20g/kg)略高于其他兩個(gè)處理,0~60 cm土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量XDXMTMD,而深層X(jué)MT有機(jī)質(zhì)含量卻超過(guò)了XD(60~100cm)和MD(150~200cm),而這可能是小麥與苜蓿間套后進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)了深根作物苜蓿深層根系向下分布的有力說(shuō)明。土壤pH值隨深度而增加,通體呈堿性,處理與對(duì)照間無(wú)顯著差異。三個(gè)處理模式的土壤全氮含量在表層0~20cm無(wú)顯著差異,而MD和XMT兩個(gè)處理模式的全氮含量在20~60cm土層深度顯著高于XD處理;底層X(jué)D速效氮含量占比達(dá)全剖面1/4。小麥套種苜蓿不僅有利于提高20~150cm深度土壤氮素肥力,同時(shí)還可在底層使常規(guī)麥田深層土壤氮素流失問(wèn)題得以減免。經(jīng)過(guò)一個(gè)麥季的消耗,XMT和XD處理表層土壤速效磷含量接近10mg/kg,MD只有6.4210mg/kg,無(wú)論是對(duì)小麥來(lái)說(shuō)還是對(duì)苜蓿來(lái)說(shuō)都表現(xiàn)為缺磷狀態(tài),說(shuō)明在這三種處理模式生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐中磷肥的使用都具有必要性和增產(chǎn)的巨大可能性。小麥/苜蓿間套體系中會(huì)使全剖面土壤鉀素的消耗比例得以優(yōu)化,故可以少施甚至不施鉀肥。(3)小麥苜蓿間套作的作物地上生長(zhǎng):XMT的株高略高于MD,但就產(chǎn)量卻遠(yuǎn)低于MD。MD耗水量也低于XMT。就XD、XMT與對(duì)照CK比較來(lái)看,對(duì)照CK在每公頃穗數(shù)、穗粒數(shù)、千粒重與產(chǎn)量四個(gè)指標(biāo)都高于XD與XMT,XD處理模式在這四個(gè)指標(biāo)都略高于XMT。但由于XMT分小麥與苜蓿兩部分,則產(chǎn)量也有兩部分組成,則此處理作物地上生長(zhǎng)較為有優(yōu)勢(shì),適宜當(dāng)?shù)氐貐^(qū)種植該模式。(4)小麥苜蓿間套作的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益分析得:就投入資本分析比較得XMTMDXD。就產(chǎn)量分析比較得MDXMTXD。因小麥與苜蓿市場(chǎng)價(jià)不同,使得產(chǎn)值分析可得MDXMTXD。就凈值比較得MDXMTXD.試驗(yàn)田所在地為平原地區(qū),土地肥沃,人口眾多,土地耕作方式為糧食作物為主,不適宜大面積種植苜蓿。因此選擇小麥苜蓿間套作則適應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)匕l(fā)展,即提供了糧食,也為牧業(yè)發(fā)展提供牧草,實(shí)現(xiàn)當(dāng)?shù)囟喾N經(jīng)營(yíng),使農(nóng)業(yè)與畜牧業(yè)共同發(fā)展。
[Abstract]:The intercropping of alfalfa is an ideal modern ecological agricultural production model. In this planting model, the nitrogen fixation of alfalfa can improve the nutrient environment of crop rhizosphere, improve crop yield and land utilization efficiency, improve the quality, increase the local farmers' real estate income, promote the comprehensive development of various kinds of crops, and can also be filled after the wheat harvest. Using and improving the ecological environment resources in the field, the economic benefit of the growers is improved by combining with the animal husbandry sideline, and the organic combination of agriculture and animal husbandry is coordinated and coordinated, and the ecological balance is promoted. The yield benefit, the economic benefit and the ecological benefit are developed together. Therefore, the wheat / alfalfa interplant system can be held for the wheat production and agriculture in China. The goal of sustainable development is of great significance and considerable prospect. In this study, a field experiment was set up in the village of Zhendong County, Yaodu District, Linfen, Shanxi province. Three treatments of wheat mono (XD), wheat alfalfa intercropping (XMT) and alfalfa mono (MD) were set up, and compared with the adjacent area (CK), through outdoor and indoor experiments. The soil moisture, soil nutrients, crop yield and its economic benefits were measured and analyzed. The soil indexes of each model were analyzed and analyzed by SPSS. The effects of Intercropping between alfalfa intercropping on each index were summarized. The main results of this paper are as follows: (1) wheat, alfalfa mono and wheat 1m depth stratification and profile distribution characteristics of soil moisture under three treatments of alfalfa. Soil water content was less in the early and late period of tillage and compared with three treatments, and in the middle period, the soil water content in the middle and late stages of soil moisture increased gradually from the surface to the deep layer in the early period of tillage. As far as soil water content is concerned, the three treatment patterns in the surface layer are far below the water content in the deep soil, and the water content of the deep level MD treatment model is lower than that of the two. It shows CKXDXMTMD. from the soil water consumption and this can also indicate that alfalfa is in favor of maintaining soil moisture to a certain extent. Alfalfa is beneficial to the preservation of soil moisture to a certain extent, and further supplement the water for wheat growth. In the plain area of the plain area, wheat grain crops are the main crops, but the intercropping of alfalfa is feasible. (2) wheat, alfalfa single seeding and wheat / alfalfa interplant planting in three ways. The content and profile distribution of soil organic matter, pH and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient 2m depth are more than three treatments at all levels of the control CK organic matter content, and the distribution of soil organic matter in each treatment is S, and the content of organic matter in the surface 0~20cm soil XD (20g/kg) is slightly higher than that of the other two treatments, and the organic matter content of 0~60 cm soil is XDXMTMD, while the organic matter content of soil organic matter is slightly higher than that of other treatments. The content of organic matter in deep XMT was higher than that of XD (60~100cm) and MD (150~200cm). This may be a powerful explanation for further distribution of deep root roots in deep roots of alfalfa. The soil pH value increased with depth, the whole body was alkaline, and there was no significant difference between treatment and control. Total nitrogen content in three treatments. There was no significant difference in the surface 0~20cm, while the total nitrogen content in the two treatments of MD and XMT was significantly higher than the XD treatment in the depth of the 20~60cm soil layer. The bottom XD available nitrogen content accounted for the full section of 1/4. wheat interplanting alfalfa, not only to improve the soil nitrogen fertility in 20~150cm depth, but also to make nitrogen loss in the deep soil of the conventional wheat field at the bottom. After a wheat season, XMT and XD treated the surface soil available phosphorus content near 10mg/kg, MD only 6.4210mg/kg, both for wheat and to alfalfa, showing the lack of phosphorus, indicating that in the production practice of these three treatments, the use of phosphate fertilizer is both necessary and more likely to increase production. In the wheat / alfalfa interplant system, the proportion of the total soil potassium consumption was optimized, so it could be reduced or not applied. (3) the crop ground growth of intercropped intercropped wheat was higher than that of MD, but the yield was far lower than that of MD.MD, and XD was lower than that of XMT.. Compared with the control CK, XMT was compared to the number of spikes per hectare per hectare compared with CK. The four indexes of grain number, 1000 grain weight and yield are higher than XD and XMT, XD treatment mode is slightly higher than XMT. in these four indexes, but because of XMT wheat and alfalfa two parts, the yield is also two parts, then the growth of the crops on the ground is more advantageous and suitable for local planting pattern. (4) economic benefit analysis of intercropping Intercropping between alfalfa. The analysis of input capital is compared with XMTMDXD. on the yield analysis compared with the market price of wheat and alfalfa MDXMTXD., which makes the analysis of the output value of the output value of the net value of the net value of the MDXMTXD. is in the plain area, the land is fertile, the population is large, the land farming is the main grain crop, and it is not suitable for the large area planting alfalfa. Therefore, the selection of intercropping Intercropping between alfalfa is suitable for local development, that is, providing grain, providing pasture for the development of animal husbandry, realizing a variety of local management, and making the agriculture and animal husbandry develop together.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：S512.11;S54;F326.1
本文編號(hào)：2157616
[Abstract]:The intercropping of alfalfa is an ideal modern ecological agricultural production model. In this planting model, the nitrogen fixation of alfalfa can improve the nutrient environment of crop rhizosphere, improve crop yield and land utilization efficiency, improve the quality, increase the local farmers' real estate income, promote the comprehensive development of various kinds of crops, and can also be filled after the wheat harvest. Using and improving the ecological environment resources in the field, the economic benefit of the growers is improved by combining with the animal husbandry sideline, and the organic combination of agriculture and animal husbandry is coordinated and coordinated, and the ecological balance is promoted. The yield benefit, the economic benefit and the ecological benefit are developed together. Therefore, the wheat / alfalfa interplant system can be held for the wheat production and agriculture in China. The goal of sustainable development is of great significance and considerable prospect. In this study, a field experiment was set up in the village of Zhendong County, Yaodu District, Linfen, Shanxi province. Three treatments of wheat mono (XD), wheat alfalfa intercropping (XMT) and alfalfa mono (MD) were set up, and compared with the adjacent area (CK), through outdoor and indoor experiments. The soil moisture, soil nutrients, crop yield and its economic benefits were measured and analyzed. The soil indexes of each model were analyzed and analyzed by SPSS. The effects of Intercropping between alfalfa intercropping on each index were summarized. The main results of this paper are as follows: (1) wheat, alfalfa mono and wheat 1m depth stratification and profile distribution characteristics of soil moisture under three treatments of alfalfa. Soil water content was less in the early and late period of tillage and compared with three treatments, and in the middle period, the soil water content in the middle and late stages of soil moisture increased gradually from the surface to the deep layer in the early period of tillage. As far as soil water content is concerned, the three treatment patterns in the surface layer are far below the water content in the deep soil, and the water content of the deep level MD treatment model is lower than that of the two. It shows CKXDXMTMD. from the soil water consumption and this can also indicate that alfalfa is in favor of maintaining soil moisture to a certain extent. Alfalfa is beneficial to the preservation of soil moisture to a certain extent, and further supplement the water for wheat growth. In the plain area of the plain area, wheat grain crops are the main crops, but the intercropping of alfalfa is feasible. (2) wheat, alfalfa single seeding and wheat / alfalfa interplant planting in three ways. The content and profile distribution of soil organic matter, pH and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient 2m depth are more than three treatments at all levels of the control CK organic matter content, and the distribution of soil organic matter in each treatment is S, and the content of organic matter in the surface 0~20cm soil XD (20g/kg) is slightly higher than that of the other two treatments, and the organic matter content of 0~60 cm soil is XDXMTMD, while the organic matter content of soil organic matter is slightly higher than that of other treatments. The content of organic matter in deep XMT was higher than that of XD (60~100cm) and MD (150~200cm). This may be a powerful explanation for further distribution of deep root roots in deep roots of alfalfa. The soil pH value increased with depth, the whole body was alkaline, and there was no significant difference between treatment and control. Total nitrogen content in three treatments. There was no significant difference in the surface 0~20cm, while the total nitrogen content in the two treatments of MD and XMT was significantly higher than the XD treatment in the depth of the 20~60cm soil layer. The bottom XD available nitrogen content accounted for the full section of 1/4. wheat interplanting alfalfa, not only to improve the soil nitrogen fertility in 20~150cm depth, but also to make nitrogen loss in the deep soil of the conventional wheat field at the bottom. After a wheat season, XMT and XD treated the surface soil available phosphorus content near 10mg/kg, MD only 6.4210mg/kg, both for wheat and to alfalfa, showing the lack of phosphorus, indicating that in the production practice of these three treatments, the use of phosphate fertilizer is both necessary and more likely to increase production. In the wheat / alfalfa interplant system, the proportion of the total soil potassium consumption was optimized, so it could be reduced or not applied. (3) the crop ground growth of intercropped intercropped wheat was higher than that of MD, but the yield was far lower than that of MD.MD, and XD was lower than that of XMT.. Compared with the control CK, XMT was compared to the number of spikes per hectare per hectare compared with CK. The four indexes of grain number, 1000 grain weight and yield are higher than XD and XMT, XD treatment mode is slightly higher than XMT. in these four indexes, but because of XMT wheat and alfalfa two parts, the yield is also two parts, then the growth of the crops on the ground is more advantageous and suitable for local planting pattern. (4) economic benefit analysis of intercropping Intercropping between alfalfa. The analysis of input capital is compared with XMTMDXD. on the yield analysis compared with the market price of wheat and alfalfa MDXMTXD., which makes the analysis of the output value of the output value of the net value of the net value of the MDXMTXD. is in the plain area, the land is fertile, the population is large, the land farming is the main grain crop, and it is not suitable for the large area planting alfalfa. Therefore, the selection of intercropping Intercropping between alfalfa is suitable for local development, that is, providing grain, providing pasture for the development of animal husbandry, realizing a variety of local management, and making the agriculture and animal husbandry develop together.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：S512.11;S54;F326.1
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