發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-07-06 20:30

  本文選題：經(jīng)濟(jì)人 + 動(dòng)機(jī)��； 參考：《遼寧大學(xué)》2008年博士論文

【摘要】： 經(jīng)濟(jì)人是經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的重要假設(shè),利己、利他與最大化是經(jīng)濟(jì)人的三大特征。自斯密奠定經(jīng)濟(jì)人在經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)中的歷史地位之后,自利行為適應(yīng)市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,成為分析經(jīng)濟(jì)問題、解釋經(jīng)濟(jì)現(xiàn)象的重要工具。在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中,經(jīng)濟(jì)人的自利最大化行為作為經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的一個(gè)假設(shè),雖然不能表明是對(duì)人類實(shí)際行為的最好近似,但是卻有效地揭示了現(xiàn)實(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)中的人的行為。利他在斯密的描述中,是與利己相對(duì)立的一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)術(shù)語,是對(duì)利己效用的一種削弱。雖然經(jīng)濟(jì)人自出現(xiàn)之后就不乏批評(píng),但是經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)中的各個(gè)流派在建立了自己不同學(xué)說之余,大多都堅(jiān)持了經(jīng)濟(jì)人上述三個(gè)特征。近幾年來,對(duì)利他問題的研究開始逐漸增多,在深入研究的同時(shí),人們紛紛指責(zé)自利行為,認(rèn)為狹隘的自利行為假設(shè)阻礙了對(duì)一些非常有意義的經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系的研究,利己無法正確解釋利他,經(jīng)濟(jì)人遭到了史無前例的責(zé)難。 本文共分五部分對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)人的行為動(dòng)機(jī)進(jìn)行分析,具體安排如下: 第一部分為導(dǎo)言部分,主要介紹了本文的選題意義與目的,在文獻(xiàn)綜述中重點(diǎn)介紹了經(jīng)濟(jì)人從產(chǎn)生至今所引發(fā)的爭(zhēng)論與批判,以及倫理學(xué)與行為經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)人思想的挑戰(zhàn)。同時(shí)還介紹了文章中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的幾個(gè)重要概念,并對(duì)論文的結(jié)構(gòu)安排和創(chuàng)新之處做了簡(jiǎn)要的介紹。 第二部分為文章中的第一章,主要圍繞著經(jīng)濟(jì)人展開了簡(jiǎn)單的理論回顧。對(duì)于經(jīng)濟(jì)主體的利己、利他研究要追溯到經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的研究對(duì)象上面。經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)是一門十分特殊的學(xué)科,它可以容納不同的觀點(diǎn),允許各個(gè)學(xué)派百家爭(zhēng)鳴。正因?yàn)檫@樣,在處理經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)研究對(duì)象問題上,不同的學(xué)派給予了不同的定義與解釋,同時(shí)也包含了不同的經(jīng)濟(jì)人思想。本文通過分析得出,經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的研究對(duì)象應(yīng)該是市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)中人的行為,經(jīng)濟(jì)主體——經(jīng)濟(jì)人利己和利他的研究是經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的重要內(nèi)容。此外,任何理論的研究都不能沒有歷史的資源,本章還重點(diǎn)介紹了經(jīng)濟(jì)人在經(jīng)濟(jì)思想史上發(fā)展的歷程,包含斯密前、斯密、古典經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)派、歷史學(xué)派、邊際效用學(xué)派、新古典經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)派、制度學(xué)派、行為經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)等等,他們從本學(xué)派的研究對(duì)象出發(fā),建立了不同的經(jīng)濟(jì)人體系。 第三部分為文章中的第二章,重點(diǎn)介紹了馬克思主義的經(jīng)濟(jì)人思想淵源以及馬克思的經(jīng)濟(jì)人思想,這同樣也是一個(gè)爭(zhēng)議性較大的話題。馬克思創(chuàng)立的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)說敲響了資產(chǎn)階級(jí)的喪鐘,他被視為整個(gè)資產(chǎn)階級(jí)的敵人,可是在東方,馬克思的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)說卻被視為無產(chǎn)階級(jí)的圣經(jīng)。經(jīng)濟(jì)人作為資產(chǎn)階級(jí)的思想源于西方,似乎在意識(shí)形態(tài)上與馬克思主義水火不容,但是馬克思對(duì)于經(jīng)濟(jì)人的揭示卻是史無前例的,以它為依據(jù),我們可以科學(xué)地解釋經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)中存在的比較困惑的幾個(gè)話題即原始社會(huì)存不存在經(jīng)濟(jì)人、計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)期存不存在經(jīng)濟(jì)人、共產(chǎn)主義社會(huì)存不存在經(jīng)濟(jì)人,這必將又是對(duì)馬克思主義科學(xué)性的一個(gè)證明。 第四部分為文章中的第三章,將圍繞利己與利他的定義展開,并結(jié)合經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展實(shí)際擴(kuò)大了利己的內(nèi)涵,探討了利己與利他互為矛盾、互為統(tǒng)一的關(guān)系。經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的各個(gè)流派為了支撐自己的理論體系,提出了不盡相同的經(jīng)濟(jì)人理論,尤其是近幾年,利他成為經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)研究的新的熱點(diǎn),利己的研究則顯得相對(duì)冷淡,而對(duì)于利己的研究此時(shí)也并沒有達(dá)到盡善盡美的境地,利己內(nèi)涵方面的研究還一片空白。本章嘗試把利己行為的內(nèi)涵劃分為七種形式,并針對(duì)利己與利他的關(guān)系,提出了一個(gè)可以反映社會(huì)福利水平的指標(biāo)——福利輻射指數(shù),這個(gè)系數(shù)可以較為清晰地反映利己和利他所占份額的大小對(duì)社會(huì)福利水平的貢獻(xiàn),此外,還進(jìn)一步分析了利己和利他博弈的實(shí)際案例。 第五部分為文章中的第四章,是對(duì)文章基本內(nèi)容的概括性總結(jié),并對(duì)尚需要進(jìn)一步研究的問題做了簡(jiǎn)要說明。本文的主要內(nèi)容包括:第一,在經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)發(fā)展的不同階段,經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的研究對(duì)象各不相同,經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的研究對(duì)象不同揭示了各個(gè)學(xué)派所持經(jīng)濟(jì)人觀點(diǎn)的不同。第二,對(duì)斯密的經(jīng)濟(jì)人、馬克思的經(jīng)濟(jì)人都進(jìn)行了全面的探索,同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)在原始氏族社會(huì)、共產(chǎn)主義社會(huì)都不適合使用經(jīng)濟(jì)人理論,而計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)期經(jīng)濟(jì)人的存在具有特殊性。第三,對(duì)利己的內(nèi)涵進(jìn)行了全面揭示,揭示了經(jīng)濟(jì)人的利己與利他的真實(shí)關(guān)系。第四,應(yīng)用利己、利他的關(guān)系揭示了一些經(jīng)濟(jì)問題和經(jīng)濟(jì)現(xiàn)象的真實(shí)本質(zhì),增強(qiáng)了經(jīng)濟(jì)人解釋實(shí)踐的能力。文章提出進(jìn)一步要研究的問題是:在第四章研究中所提出的福利輻射指數(shù)還需要進(jìn)一步技術(shù)化,同時(shí)對(duì)利己和利他的博弈問題還需要進(jìn)一步地細(xì)化。 文章嘗試在下面幾個(gè)方面作出創(chuàng)新: 第一,重新梳理了經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的研究對(duì)象。第二,探討了馬克思的經(jīng)濟(jì)人思想。第三,對(duì)于利己含義的劃分是一個(gè)較為大膽的嘗試。第四,對(duì)于利己和利他關(guān)系的研究也開拓了一個(gè)全新的思路。第五,在研究方法上也將突破個(gè)人主義方法論和整體主義方法論分離的局面,在研究當(dāng)中把二者有效地結(jié)合,拋棄了使用方法論上的人為色彩。第六,根據(jù)利己和利他的關(guān)系提出了福利輻射指數(shù),并運(yùn)用經(jīng)濟(jì)事實(shí)加以證明,得出在經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域人的利己行為將隨著個(gè)人與物質(zhì)關(guān)系的弱化而逐漸演變,物質(zhì)上的利己將逐漸讓位于精神上的利己,人的經(jīng)濟(jì)行為動(dòng)機(jī)在物質(zhì)層面上將要建立起瑰麗無比的精神大廈,而這個(gè)美輪美奐的大廈將成為經(jīng)濟(jì)主體行為選擇的主流,這也將成為經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)說發(fā)展的主流。
[Abstract]:The economic man is an important hypothesis of economics, the egoism, the altruism and the maximization are the three characteristics of the economic man. Since Smith laid the historical position of the economic man in economics, self-interest is adapted to the development of the market economy and becomes an important tool to analyze the economic problems and explain the economic phenomena. In real life, the self profit of the economic man is maximized. As an assumption of economics, although it can not be shown as the best approximation of human actual behavior, it effectively reveals the behavior of people in the real economy. In his description, altruism is an economic term relative to egoism, a weakening of egoism. Criticism, but all the schools in economics have set up their own different doctrines, most of which insist on the above three characteristics. In recent years, the study of altruism has gradually increased. At the same time, people have criticized self interest, and the assumption of narrow self-interest has hindered some very intentional. The study of the economic relations of righteousness, egoism can not explain altruism correctly, and the economic man has been condemned for an unprecedented time.
This article is divided into five parts to analyze the motives of economic men.
The first part is the introduction, which mainly introduces the significance and purpose of this topic. In the literature review, it focuses on the debate and criticism caused by the economic man from the present, and the challenges of ethics and behavioral economics to the thought of the economic man. The structure and innovation are briefly introduced.
The second part is the first chapter of the article, which focuses on the simple theoretical review of the economic people. For the egoism of the economic subject, the altruism research should be traced back to the object of economics. Economics is a very special subject, which can hold different views and allow each school to contend. On the subject of economics of science and economics, different schools give different definitions and explanations, and also include different economic people's thoughts. Through the analysis, this article concludes that the object of economics should be human behavior in the market economy, and the economic subject, the egoism and the altruism, are the important contents of economics. The study of any theory can not be without historical resources. This chapter also focuses on the development of economic people in the history of economic thought, including Smith before, Smith, classical economics school, history school, marginal utility school, neo classical economics school, institution school, behavioral economics and so on. They set out from the research object of this school. A different system of economic people.
The third part is the second chapter of the article, focusing on the ideological origin of Marx's economic man and the thought of Marx's economic man. This is also a controversial topic. The economic theory founded by Marx sounded the funeral bell of the bourgeoisie. He was regarded as the enemy of the whole bourgeoisie, but in the East, Marx The economic theory is regarded as the proletarian Bible. The economic man, as the bourgeois thought, originated from the west, seems to be incompatible with the ideology of Marx, but Marx's Revelation to the economic man is unprecedented. Based on it, we can explain some of the more puzzled problems in economics. The topic is that the primitive society does not exist the economic man, the economic man is not existed in the planned economy period, and the Communist society does not exist in the existence of the economic man. This will certainly be a proof of the scientific nature of Marx's doctrine.
The fourth part is the third chapter of the article, which will be carried out around the definition of egoism and altruism, and expand the connotation of egoism in the light of the actual economic development, and discuss the contradiction between egoism and altruism and the unity of each other. In order to support their theoretical system, various schools of economics have put forward different theories of economic man, especially in the near future. In the past few years, altruism has become a new hot spot in economics research, and the study of egoism is relatively cold, and the study of egoism has not reached the perfect situation at this time, and the research on the connotation of egoism is still blank. This chapter tries to divide the connotation of egoism into seven forms, and put forward the relationship between egoism and altruism. An index that can reflect the social welfare level, the welfare radiation index, can clearly reflect the contribution of the size of egoism and altruism to the social welfare level. In addition, the actual cases of egoism and altruism game are further analyzed.
The fifth part is the fourth chapter of the article, which is a general summary of the basic contents of the article and a brief description of the problems that need further study. The main contents of this article include: first, the subjects of economics are different in different stages of economic development, and the different subjects of Economics have revealed the various schools of economics. The different views of the economic people. Second, for Smith's economic man, Marx's economic people have all carried out a comprehensive exploration. At the same time, it is found that in the primitive clan society, the Communist society is not suitable for the use of economic man theory, and the existence of the economic man in the planned economy is special. Third, the connotation of egoism is uncovered in an all-round way. It shows the real relationship between the egoism and the altruism of the economic man. Fourth, the application of egoism, the relationship of altruism reveals the true nature of some economic and economic phenomena and enhances the ability of the economic people to explain the practice. The article puts forward that the further study is that the welfare radiation index proposed in the fourth chapter also needs further technique. At the same time, the game of egoism and altruism needs to be further refined.
The article tries to make innovations in the following aspects:
First, re combing the object of economics research. Second, it discusses Marx's economic man thought. Third, the division of the meaning of egoism is a more bold attempt. Fourth, the study of egoism and altruism has also opened up a new idea. Fifth, the research method will also break through the individualist methodology and the whole In the study of the separation of the methodology of body theory, the two parties are effectively combined and abandoned the human color in the use of methodology. Sixth, the welfare radiation index is put forward according to the relationship between egoism and altruism, and the economic facts are used to prove that the egoism behavior of people in the economic field will weaken with the relationship between individual and material. Gradual evolution, the physical egoism will gradually let the spirit of self-interest, the motive of human economic behavior will be in the material level to build a magnificent spiritual building, and this magnificent building will become the mainstream of economic behavior choice, which will also become the mainstream of the development of economic theory.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：遼寧大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2008
【分類號(hào)】：F011

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