【摘要】：電梯作為在高層建筑中運(yùn)送人及貨物的垂直設(shè)備,在社會(huì)現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)程中起到越來(lái)越不可替代的作用。電梯自被發(fā)明至今,產(chǎn)品歷經(jīng)多次更新?lián)Q代和技術(shù)升級(jí),一直為人們的出行提供便捷。諸多研究表明,電梯能耗占高層建筑總能耗的20%左右,隨著全球能源日趨緊張,高能耗電梯的發(fā)展前景不容樂(lè)觀,能耗問(wèn)題嚴(yán)重制約其發(fā)展。國(guó)內(nèi)電梯保有量隨著社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)快速發(fā)展及國(guó)民生活水平的提高而急劇上升,有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)顯示,2014年國(guó)內(nèi)電梯總保有量已達(dá)360萬(wàn)臺(tái),并以每年大約20%的速度增長(zhǎng)。在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)規(guī)模不斷擴(kuò)大的時(shí)代,我國(guó)發(fā)電能力較弱,能源供應(yīng)疲軟,能源供需矛盾日益突出,節(jié)能電梯的研究也越來(lái)越受到政府、生產(chǎn)廠商和客戶的關(guān)注。因此實(shí)現(xiàn)電梯的節(jié)能降耗不僅具有十分重要的經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值,能夠推動(dòng)電梯行業(yè)的快速發(fā)展,而且符合我國(guó)現(xiàn)階段綠色和可持續(xù)發(fā)展的戰(zhàn)略。為降低電梯能耗,達(dá)到電梯節(jié)能運(yùn)行的目的,本文結(jié)合曳引電梯的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)、運(yùn)行特性及能耗特性,提出一種新型液—電混合驅(qū)動(dòng)曳引電梯節(jié)能新原理。該原理將液壓泵/馬達(dá)、蓄能器等元件與曳引機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)相結(jié)合,組成可實(shí)現(xiàn)能量回收利用的液—電混合驅(qū)動(dòng)曳引電梯節(jié)能系統(tǒng)。上述系統(tǒng)與曳引電梯自身驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)聯(lián)接耦合,在電梯運(yùn)行過(guò)程中,當(dāng)曳引機(jī)處于發(fā)電狀態(tài)時(shí),大部分重力勢(shì)能將以液壓能的形式儲(chǔ)存在蓄能器中;當(dāng)曳引機(jī)處于電動(dòng)狀態(tài)時(shí),蓄能器存儲(chǔ)的液壓能得以釋放,從而輔助曳引機(jī)工作,最終達(dá)到降低能耗、節(jié)約電能的目的。仿真及實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明新型節(jié)能電梯能夠平穩(wěn)啟動(dòng),速度控制平穩(wěn),具有良好的速度控制性能;該新型節(jié)能電梯的節(jié)能效率約為15%,可顯著降低電梯控制系統(tǒng)和機(jī)房溫度;新型節(jié)能電梯采用現(xiàn)有曳引電梯的控制方法,簡(jiǎn)化了其控制策略。通過(guò)以上研究可知在蓄能器充液過(guò)程中隨著蓄能器壓力的增大,節(jié)能電梯曳引機(jī)將由發(fā)電狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)為電動(dòng)狀態(tài)造成二次能耗;在蓄能器放液過(guò)程中,由于初始?jí)毫^大,蓄能器提供的功率比電梯運(yùn)行所需功率大而造成能量的二次浪費(fèi),因此本文進(jìn)一步提出一種基于變量泵/馬達(dá)的轉(zhuǎn)矩補(bǔ)償方法,仿真分析的結(jié)果表明該方法能夠大幅降低曳引電梯的能耗,電梯運(yùn)行基本不消耗電能。電梯能耗作為電梯發(fā)展的一個(gè)重要問(wèn)題,是電梯研究的熱點(diǎn)問(wèn)題,但電梯安全事故時(shí)有發(fā)生,因此曳引電梯的安全性能問(wèn)題不可小覷。電梯現(xiàn)有的保護(hù)裝置安全鉗—限速系統(tǒng),可解決電梯由于控制失靈、制動(dòng)器失靈及突然斷電等原因造成轎廂的墜落或超速,但由于機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)不能完全保證萬(wàn)無(wú)一失,因此電梯墜落事故還是不可避免。本課題中曳引電梯新型節(jié)能系統(tǒng)采用換向閥控制蓄能器的工作狀態(tài),當(dāng)電梯突然斷電時(shí),對(duì)于不同類(lèi)型的換向閥,其斷電時(shí)的機(jī)能是不同的。換向閥處于工作位,當(dāng)蓄能器充液或者放液狀態(tài)時(shí),此時(shí)泵/馬達(dá)向電梯提供使電梯停止的反轉(zhuǎn)矩,聯(lián)合抱閘和安全鉗使電梯停止運(yùn)行;當(dāng)換向閥處于停止位時(shí),由于四個(gè)油口均關(guān)閉,此時(shí)液壓泵/馬達(dá)不能正反向轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),從而可以阻止電梯的墜落,使電梯處于安全駐停狀態(tài)。液—電混驅(qū)曳引電梯節(jié)能原理在降低能耗的同時(shí),還能夠兼顧安全性,對(duì)于電梯運(yùn)行來(lái)說(shuō)安全性更加重要,新的原理可保證電梯在所有電氣控制失靈的情況下,轎廂平穩(wěn)運(yùn)行至停止?fàn)顟B(tài)。論文的主要研究?jī)?nèi)容如下:第一章首先介紹了目前我國(guó)電梯市場(chǎng)的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r、發(fā)展趨勢(shì)及現(xiàn)有電梯的能耗情況。進(jìn)而對(duì)電梯的發(fā)展歷史及分類(lèi)進(jìn)行綜述,重點(diǎn)介紹了曳引電梯節(jié)能技術(shù)的發(fā)展概況和能量回收節(jié)能技術(shù)的發(fā)展及應(yīng)用。最后基于上述綜合分析,提出了本課題的研究意義和主要研究?jī)?nèi)容。第二章介紹了普通電梯的工作特性作,分析了曳引電梯的基本結(jié)構(gòu)以及電梯處于典型四象限時(shí)的工作特性。對(duì)不同配重的電梯在不同運(yùn)行工況時(shí)所受的力矩進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)分析,并建立了電梯的動(dòng)力學(xué)模型;對(duì)電梯的動(dòng)力學(xué)模型進(jìn)行仿真分析,得到了當(dāng)電梯配重不同時(shí),電梯在不同載重、不同工況時(shí)所受到力矩。進(jìn)而提出了一種新型的液—電混合驅(qū)動(dòng)曳引電梯節(jié)能新原理及方法,分析了節(jié)能電梯的工作原理及工作特性。最后對(duì)系統(tǒng)中曳引機(jī)、各液壓元件進(jìn)行選型,并設(shè)計(jì)了高能效曳引電梯的控制系統(tǒng)。第三章對(duì)提出的高能效電梯節(jié)能系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了數(shù)學(xué)建模,主要針對(duì)同步曳引機(jī)、液壓泵/馬達(dá)、蓄能器等的特點(diǎn)及運(yùn)行特征進(jìn)行分析并建立其數(shù)學(xué)模型。分析計(jì)算電梯運(yùn)行過(guò)程中的速度曲線,并對(duì)速度、加速度曲線進(jìn)行仿真。本課題的目標(biāo)是降低電梯系統(tǒng)的能耗,因此需要對(duì)普通曳引電梯能耗進(jìn)行分析,了解電梯運(yùn)行過(guò)程中電梯能耗的變化規(guī)律。本章通過(guò)simulationx仿真軟件建立了普通曳引電梯模型,對(duì)電梯在不同工況運(yùn)行時(shí)的能耗進(jìn)行了仿真分析。第四章建立了課題所提出的高能效曳引電梯的仿真模型,并對(duì)采用不同配重下的電梯運(yùn)行情況進(jìn)行仿真分析。在配重為1000kg和1500kg這兩種情況下,對(duì)普通電梯和節(jié)能電梯分別在輕載上行、輕載下行、重載上行、重載下行四種工況運(yùn)行中的能耗變化情況進(jìn)行了仿真分析,通過(guò)比較計(jì)算得到節(jié)能電梯的節(jié)能效率。進(jìn)一步對(duì)采用變量泵/馬達(dá)的節(jié)能系統(tǒng),在使用轉(zhuǎn)矩匹配控制后,電梯的節(jié)能效果進(jìn)行了仿真分析。第五章基于上述理論研究及仿真分析,通過(guò)對(duì)節(jié)能電梯系統(tǒng)及結(jié)構(gòu)的詳細(xì)分析及參數(shù)優(yōu)化,確定了節(jié)能電梯的試驗(yàn)元件及試驗(yàn)方案,搭建了高能效曳引電梯能耗試驗(yàn)臺(tái)。首先對(duì)普通電梯在載重不同、運(yùn)行距離不同工況下能耗進(jìn)行了試驗(yàn)分析,并與仿真結(jié)果進(jìn)行對(duì)比分析。然后將節(jié)能系統(tǒng)與曳引機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)軸聯(lián)接進(jìn)行綜合試驗(yàn),通過(guò)地面空載試驗(yàn)與樓層空載試驗(yàn)的對(duì)比分析,得出節(jié)能系統(tǒng)的機(jī)械運(yùn)行效率。進(jìn)而對(duì)節(jié)能電梯在不同運(yùn)行工況時(shí)的能耗進(jìn)行了試驗(yàn)和分析,并與普通電梯的能耗進(jìn)行對(duì)比,得到高能效電梯的節(jié)能效率。第六章主要對(duì)所作的研究工作進(jìn)行分析總結(jié),得出了主要的研究性結(jié)論,并針對(duì)本課題研究問(wèn)題的不足提出今后的研究方向。課題所做的研究工作均表明,本文首次提出的液—電混合驅(qū)動(dòng)曳引電梯節(jié)能新原理及方法是正確的、成功的,不僅具有較好節(jié)能效果,而且能夠有效提高曳引電梯的安全、可靠性,基本達(dá)到預(yù)期目標(biāo)。本論文的研究成果不但是曳引電梯節(jié)能方面的發(fā)展方向之一,而且在其它垂直提升機(jī)械中也具有較好的應(yīng)用前景。
[Abstract]:Elevator, as a vertical equipment for transporting people and goods in high-rise buildings, plays an increasingly irreplaceable role in the process of social modernization. Since its invention, elevator products have undergone many updates and technological upgrades, and have been providing convenience for people to travel. Many studies have shown that elevator energy consumption accounts for 20% of the total energy consumption of high-rise buildings. With the increasing global energy shortage, the development prospects of high energy consumption elevators are not optimistic, and the energy consumption problem seriously restricts their development. In the era of expanding industrial production scale, China's power generation capacity is weak, energy supply is weak, and the contradiction between energy supply and demand is becoming increasingly prominent. The research of energy-saving elevator has been paid more and more attention by the government, manufacturers and customers. The rapid development of the elevator industry is in line with the strategy of green and sustainable development in our country at present. In order to reduce the energy consumption of the elevator and achieve the purpose of energy-saving operation of the elevator, this paper puts forward a new energy-saving principle of the hydraulic pump/electric hybrid drive traction elevator, which combines the structure characteristics, operation characteristics and energy consumption characteristics of the traction elevator. The motor, accumulator and other components are combined with the tractor drive system to form an energy-saving system of the traction elevator driven by hydraulic-electric hybrid drive. The above-mentioned system is coupled with the traction elevator self-drive system. During the operation of the elevator, when the tractor is in the state of power generation, most of the gravitational potential energy will be hydraulic energy. The hydraulic energy stored in the accumulator can be released when the tractor is in the state of electric power, so as to assist the tractor to reduce energy consumption and save electric energy. The energy-saving efficiency of the new energy-saving elevator is about 15%, which can significantly reduce the elevator control system and the room temperature. The new energy-saving elevator simplifies its control strategy by using the existing traction elevator control method. Secondary energy consumption is caused for the electric state. In the process of accumulator discharging, the power provided by the accumulator is greater than that required by the elevator because of the large initial pressure, which results in the secondary energy waste. Therefore, a torque compensation method based on variable pump/motor is proposed in this paper, and the simulation results show that the method can be greatly improved. Elevator energy consumption, as an important issue in elevator development, is a hot issue in elevator research. However, elevator safety accidents often occur, so the safety performance of the elevator can not be underestimated. The existing safety clamp-speed limit system of elevator protection device can solve the elevator problem. Because of control failure, brake failure and sudden power failure, the car will fall or overspeed, but because the mechanical structure can not be completely guaranteed to be safe, so the elevator fall accident is inevitable. For different types of directional valves, the function is different when the power is cut off. The directional valve is in the working position, when the accumulator is filled with liquid or discharged, the pump/motor provides the reverse torque to the elevator to stop the elevator, and the elevator is stopped by a combination of lock and safety clamp; when the directional valve is in the stop position, because the four oil outlets are closed, this is the case. Hydraulic pump/motor can't rotate forward and backward, so it can prevent the elevator from falling and keep the elevator in a safe stop state. Hydraulic-electric hybrid drive traction elevator energy-saving principle can reduce energy consumption, at the same time, it can also give consideration to safety, which is more important for the operation of the elevator. The new principle can ensure that the elevator fails in all electrical control. The main research contents of this paper are as follows: Chapter 1 firstly introduces the development status, development trend and energy consumption of elevators in China, then summarizes the development history and classification of elevators, with emphasis on the development of energy-saving technology of traction elevators. Finally, based on the above comprehensive analysis, the research significance and main research contents of this subject are put forward. Chapter 2 introduces the working characteristics of ordinary elevators, analyzes the basic structure of traction elevators and the working characteristics of elevators in typical four quadrants. The dynamic model of the elevator is established and analyzed in detail. The dynamic model of the elevator is simulated and analyzed. The torque of the elevator under different loads and different working conditions is obtained when the counterweight of the elevator is different. A new energy-saving hydraulic-electric hybrid traction elevator is proposed. The principle and characteristics of the energy-saving elevator are analyzed. Finally, the tractor and hydraulic components are selected and the control system of the energy-efficient traction elevator is designed. In the third chapter, the mathematical model of the energy-saving elevator system is established, mainly for synchronous tractor, hydraulic pump/motor, accumulator and so on. The characteristics and operation characteristics of the elevator are analyzed and its mathematical model is established. The speed curve is analyzed and calculated, and the speed and acceleration curve is simulated. The purpose of this project is to reduce the energy consumption of the elevator system. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the energy consumption of the ordinary traction elevator to understand the change of the energy consumption of the elevator in the process of the elevator operation. In this chapter, the general traction elevator model is established by simulation software. The energy consumption of the elevator under different operating conditions is simulated and analyzed. In the fourth chapter, the simulation model of the high energy efficiency traction elevator is established, and the operation of the elevator under different weights is simulated and analyzed. In the case of light load, light load, heavy load and heavy load, respectively, the energy consumption changes of the ordinary elevator and the energy-saving elevator are simulated and analyzed. The energy-saving efficiency of the energy-saving elevator is obtained by comparing and calculating. In the fifth chapter, based on the above theoretical research and simulation analysis, through the detailed analysis and parameter optimization of the energy-saving elevator system and structure, the test components and test scheme of the energy-saving elevator are determined, and the energy consumption test bench of the energy-efficient traction elevator is built. The energy consumption of the energy-saving system under different loads and operating distances is tested and compared with the simulation results. Then the energy-saving system and the tractor drive shaft are combined to conduct a comprehensive test. The mechanical operation efficiency of the energy-saving system is obtained through the comparison and analysis between the ground no-load test and the floor no-load test. The energy consumption of the elevator under different operating conditions is tested and analyzed, and the energy consumption of the elevator is compared with that of the ordinary elevator. The energy efficiency of the elevator is obtained. The research work done in this paper shows that the new principle and method of energy-saving of the traction elevator driven by liquid-electric mixture is correct and successful. It not only has better energy-saving effect, but also can effectively improve the safety and reliability of the traction elevator, and basically achieve the desired goal. The research results of this paper are not only energy-saving of the traction elevator. It is also one of the developing directions, and has a good application prospect in other vertical lifting machines.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：太原理工大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：TU857

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