【摘要】：2003年以來，中國房地產(chǎn)業(yè)經(jīng)過近十年的非理性發(fā)展，已經(jīng)積累了大量的風(fēng)險。首先，房價經(jīng)過多年的上漲，已經(jīng)讓普通民眾難以承受。高房價助長短期投機行為，擠壓實體經(jīng)濟空間，加大金融體系風(fēng)險，抑制社會創(chuàng)新能力，破壞人類生存環(huán)境；同時，高房價洗劫普通民眾財富，推動社會兩極分化，加大民眾生活壓力，積聚社會消極情緒，激化各種社會矛盾。其次，中央和地方針對高房價的調(diào)控不斷失敗，房價越調(diào)越漲，民眾對房價和政策失去預(yù)期，對政府作為越來越失去信心。尤其是2010年以來，高房價風(fēng)險更加突出，與之伴隨的是，岌岌可危的資金鏈條、風(fēng)聲鶴唳的斷供退房、捉襟見肘的地方財政、危機四伏的國民經(jīng)濟，這些從不同角度反映了房地產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域的風(fēng)險狀況。如今，房地產(chǎn)發(fā)展已經(jīng)陷入進退兩難的境地，房價泡沫如果繼續(xù)膨脹，更大的經(jīng)濟危機和社會危機將等在前面；房價泡沫一旦破裂，對中國經(jīng)濟和民眾生活而言都將是不可承受之輕。也就是說，房價無論進與退，都存在巨大的不確定性。 除了陷入“進退兩難”的境地之外，中國房地產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域還存在一個引人注目的現(xiàn)象，即2003年以來的華夏大地?zé)o處不在關(guān)注“買房賣房”，“房價問題”介入百姓的日常生活，“房地產(chǎn)泡沫與風(fēng)險”也成了網(wǎng)絡(luò)媒體乃至街頭巷議的熱點話題，而且，在普通民眾的日常經(jīng)驗中，中國房地產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域包含了各種錯綜復(fù)雜的關(guān)系，布滿了各種利益和權(quán)力的爭斗，是一個充滿風(fēng)險和不確定性的行動領(lǐng)域。換言之，2003年以來的整個中國，由于長期圍繞房價泡沫及其風(fēng)險話題所進行的討論、爭論和談?wù)摚阎鸩叫纬梢粋�輿論上的公共領(lǐng)域——即以“房地產(chǎn)風(fēng)險”為話題的公共領(lǐng)域。隨著時間的推移和人們?nèi)粘嵺`的發(fā)展，這一公共領(lǐng)域的影響力日漸放大，逐步從輿論層面滲透到普通民眾趨于同一的價值追求、利益索求、本體性安全、心理預(yù)期、社會交往等層面，助推了民眾對“房地產(chǎn)風(fēng)險”的認(rèn)識和理解的程度以及論爭的頻度和烈度，“房地產(chǎn)風(fēng)險”已經(jīng)實實在在地影響到人們的日常生活質(zhì)量，成為當(dāng)下中國社會生活的一個重要組成部分。換句話說，“房地產(chǎn)風(fēng)險”的觀念和“房地產(chǎn)風(fēng)險事實”在人們的經(jīng)驗和記憶中的位置日益鞏固，已經(jīng)在人們的心目中日益固化、客觀化、結(jié)構(gòu)化，逐步形成了“中國房地產(chǎn)風(fēng)險場域”。 于是出現(xiàn)了兩個層面的問題。第一層面：2003年以來中國房地產(chǎn)風(fēng)險的來源問題，即2003年以來中國房地產(chǎn)風(fēng)險形成過程中的社會性（行動性）致因問題，其中關(guān)涉中央、地方、精英、大眾、資本力量、媒體力量等多個層面的行動者相互競爭中的行動邏輯問題及其行動的效果問題。第二層面：2003年以來中國房地產(chǎn)風(fēng)險場域的建構(gòu)問題，也就是風(fēng)險行動和事實如何結(jié)構(gòu)化的問題，其中包含風(fēng)險的擴散和傳播的機理問題及風(fēng)險場域形成過程中的行動邏輯問題。兩個方面問題是密切相關(guān)的，因為房地產(chǎn)風(fēng)險是房地產(chǎn)風(fēng)險場域形成的基礎(chǔ)和必要條件。本文將從研究“房地產(chǎn)風(fēng)險來源”問題開始，但重點在于解釋“房地產(chǎn)風(fēng)險場域的建構(gòu)”問題。 針對房地產(chǎn)風(fēng)險來源問題，本文主要從制度和行動兩個方面進行探討和分析。針對房地產(chǎn)風(fēng)險場域的建構(gòu)問題，本文首先采用吉登斯結(jié)構(gòu)化理論作為本研究的主要解釋工具，用以解答中國房地產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的風(fēng)險行動和風(fēng)險事實如何結(jié)構(gòu)化的問題；其次采用符號互動理論作為輔助性解釋工具，用以分析房地產(chǎn)風(fēng)險場域形成過程中所出現(xiàn)的對房地產(chǎn)風(fēng)險場域的建構(gòu)具有助推作用的“批判性風(fēng)險話語公共領(lǐng)域”的形成和運作過程。 針對房地產(chǎn)風(fēng)險、房地產(chǎn)風(fēng)險行動、房地產(chǎn)風(fēng)險符號、房地產(chǎn)“表意面相”的建構(gòu)等方面的問題，本文主要采用文獻法、觀察法進行分析、研究。針對房地產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域“支配面相”的建構(gòu)問題，本文主要采用“過程經(jīng)歷-觀察法”、訪談法進行研究。針對房地產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域“合法化面相”的建構(gòu)問題，本文主要采用文獻法和歷史比較法進行研究。 研究表明，傳統(tǒng)制度（含房地產(chǎn)）遭遇現(xiàn)代化（市場化）進程而衍生出諸多非預(yù)期的風(fēng)險，同時，房地產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域各方行動者的“策略”行動帶來諸多非預(yù)期的風(fēng)險。 研究表明，2003年以來的中國房地產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域是一個有缺陷、不健全、不確定的結(jié)構(gòu)性領(lǐng)域。首先，在中國房地產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域正常“支配面相”的建構(gòu)上，一方面，因為傳統(tǒng)制度原因，如城鄉(xiāng)二元體制、戶籍制、分稅制及其土地壟斷制度等，導(dǎo)致土地、住房、公共設(shè)施和服務(wù)、出讓金、利潤、稅收等在分配上的極端不平等現(xiàn)象，也就是說，其支配性資源在市場流動過程中處于極端失衡狀態(tài)；另一方面，由于權(quán)變性、策略性的房地產(chǎn)政策，如限貸、限購、限價、限外、限土地等調(diào)控措施，導(dǎo)致房地產(chǎn)市場支配性資源的流動處于持續(xù)僵化甚至堵塞狀態(tài)。這兩方面原因?qū)е陆甑闹袊康禺a(chǎn)領(lǐng)域正常“支配面相”一直處于缺失狀態(tài)。其次，在房地產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域正�！昂戏ɑ嫦唷钡慕�(gòu)上，由于近十年來中國房地產(chǎn)的政策方向一直是權(quán)變性的，政策內(nèi)容和手段一直是策略性的，始終不能形成一個一以貫之的、穩(wěn)定的政策計劃，或者說，政策這種規(guī)范“模態(tài)”始終變幻莫測，導(dǎo)致近十年的中國房地產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域正�！昂戏ɑ嫦唷币恢碧幱谌笔顟B(tài)。正因為近十年中國房地產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域正常的“支配面相”和“合法化面相”的持續(xù)缺失，致使中國房地產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域一直處于一種不確定的風(fēng)險狀態(tài)，以至于中國房地產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域自然變成了一個巨大的風(fēng)險場域。 同時，研究表明，近十年的中國房地產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域的風(fēng)險越積越多，房地產(chǎn)風(fēng)險符號越積越多、越來越明顯，專家、民眾、官員及房地產(chǎn)商等利用房地產(chǎn)風(fēng)險符號進行互動的次數(shù)越來越多，，互動頻率也越來越高，人們利用現(xiàn)代傳媒進行房地產(chǎn)風(fēng)險符號的傳播、互動而形成的“批判性的風(fēng)險話語公共領(lǐng)域”也越發(fā)形成氣候。由于這些因素的共同作用，在中國房地產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域逐步建構(gòu)出了房地產(chǎn)風(fēng)險場域“表意面相”。說到底，房地產(chǎn)風(fēng)險場域“表意面相”最終還是行動者對房地產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域正常的“支配面相”和“合法化面相”的缺失所衍生風(fēng)險的廣泛關(guān)注和持續(xù)反應(yīng)的結(jié)果。 總之，近十年來的中國房地產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域，由于其正常的“支配面相”和“合法化面相”的建構(gòu)失敗，它變成了一個有缺陷、不健全、不確定的結(jié)構(gòu)性領(lǐng)域，即變成了房地產(chǎn)風(fēng)險場域。隨之而來的，是“表意面相”的逐步生成和日益凸顯，進而促進了房地產(chǎn)風(fēng)險場域的再建構(gòu)。
[Abstract]:Since 2003, China's real estate industry has accumulated a large number of risks after nearly a decade of irrational development. First of all, housing prices have been rising for many years, which has made it difficult for ordinary people to bear. At the same time, high housing prices loot the wealth of ordinary people, promote social polarization, increase the pressure on people's lives, accumulate social negative emotions, and intensify various social contradictions. Since 2010, the risk of high housing prices has become even more prominent, accompanied by the precarious capital chain, the rumor of withdrawal, the local financial constraints, the crisis-ridden national economy, these reflect the real estate sector from different angles. Now, the real estate development has been in a dilemma, housing. If the price bubble continues to expand, the greater economic crisis and social crisis will be ahead; if the price bubble bursts, it will be unbearable light for China's economy and people's lives. That is to say, there is great uncertainty whether the price of housing goes in or out.
In addition to being caught in the dilemma, there is a noticeable phenomenon in China's real estate industry, that is, since 2003, China has been paying close attention to "buying and selling houses", "housing price problem" intervenes in people's daily life, "real estate bubble and risk" has become a hot topic in the network media and even in the streets. What's more, in the everyday experience of the general public, the real estate sector in China encompasses all sorts of intricate relationships, conflicts of interests and powers, and is an area of action fraught with risks and uncertainties. In other words, the whole of China since 2003 has been debating the housing bubble and its risks for a long time. As time goes on and people's daily practice develops, the influence of this public sphere is enlarged day by day, and gradually permeates from the public opinion to the common people's pursuit of the same value and interests. In other words, the real estate risk has really affected the quality of people's daily life and become an important part of China's social life. The concept of "real estate risk" and the position of "real estate risk facts" in people's experience and memory have been increasingly consolidated, objectified and structured in people's minds, and gradually formed the "real estate risk field in China".
There are two problems. The first one is the source of real estate risk in China since 2003, that is, the social (action) causes in the formation of real estate risk in China since 2003. The second aspect is the construction of the real estate risk field in China since 2003, that is, how the risk action and the fact are structured. It includes the mechanism of the spread and spread of risk and the logic of action in the process of the formation of the risk field. It is closely related because real estate risk is the basis and necessary condition for the formation of real estate risk field. This paper will begin with the study of the source of real estate risk, but focus on the explanation of the construction of real estate risk field.
Aiming at the problem of the source of real estate risk, this paper mainly discusses and analyzes it from two aspects of system and action. Aiming at the construction of real estate risk field, this paper firstly uses Giddens structured theory as the main explanatory tool to solve the problem of risk action and how risk facts are structured in the real estate field of China. Secondly, the symbolic interaction theory is used as a supplementary interpretation tool to analyze the formation and operation process of the "critical risk discourse public sphere" which promotes the construction of the real estate risk field.
In view of the real estate risk, the real estate risk action, the real estate risk symbol, the real estate "expression face" construction and so on question, this article mainly uses the literature method, the observation method to carry on the analysis, the research. In view of the construction of the "legalized face" in the real estate field, this paper mainly uses the method of documentation and historical comparison.
The research shows that the traditional system (including real estate) encounters many unexpected risks arising from the process of modernization (marketization). At the same time, the "strategy" action of all actors in the real estate field brings many unexpected risks.
The research shows that China's real estate industry since 2003 is a defective, imperfect and uncertain structural field. First, in the construction of the normal "dominant aspect" of China's real estate industry, on the one hand, land and housing are caused by traditional institutional reasons, such as the urban-rural dual system, household registration system, tax sharing system and land monopoly system. Extreme inequalities in the distribution of public facilities and services, transfer fees, profits, taxes, etc., that is to say, the dominant resources are in an extremely imbalanced state in the process of market movement; on the other hand, due to the change of power, strategic real estate policies, such as loan restriction, purchase restriction, price restriction, land restriction and other regulatory measures, leading to the real estate market. The flow of field-dominated resources is in a state of continuous rigidity or even blockage. These two reasons have led to the absence of normal "dominant features" in the real estate sector in China in the past decade. Secondly, in the construction of the normal "legitimate features" in the real estate sector, the policy direction of China's real estate has been contingent for nearly a decade. Sexually, the policy content and means have always been strategic, and can never form a consistent, stable policy plan, or policy this normative "mode" has always been unpredictable, resulting in nearly a decade of China's real estate industry has been in the absence of normal "legalization face". The continuous absence of the normal "dominant" and "legitimate" aspects of the domain has led to an uncertain risk state in China's real estate sector, so that China's real estate sector has naturally become a huge risk field.
At the same time, the research shows that in the past ten years, the risk of real estate in China has accumulated more and more, the real estate risk symbols accumulated more and more, more and more obvious, experts, the public, officials and real estate developers use real estate risk symbols to interact more and more times, the interaction frequency is also increasing, people use modern media to carry out real estate risk. With the spread of symbols and interaction, the "critical risk discourse public sphere" is becoming more and more climatic. Due to the joint effect of these factors, the "ideographic phase" of real estate risk field has been gradually constructed in China's real estate field. The result of widespread concern and sustained response to the risks deriving from the absence of "dominant" and "legitimate" aspects of domain normality.
In short, in the past decade, China's real estate sector has become a defective, unsound and uncertain structural area, i.e. a real estate risk field, because of the failure of its normal "dominant" and "legitimate" construction, followed by the gradual generation and increasing prominence of "ideographic" and thus promote it. The re establishment of the real estate risk field.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：上海大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：F299.23

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