從歐債危機看我國養(yǎng)老金替代率適宜水平的確定
發(fā)布時間：2018-10-05 13:18
【摘要】：在全球各國逐步邁入老齡化國家行列的背景下,各個國家對于養(yǎng)老金制度的關(guān)注程度越來越高。如何既保證退休者的生活又不給國家財政帶來過重的負擔成為各國政府以及學者關(guān)注的焦點。之前關(guān)于養(yǎng)老金的討論更多的是如何保證退休者的生活,在歐債危機爆發(fā)后,作為高福利制度代表的歐洲國家陷入了債務危機,這引發(fā)了人們對于高福利制度是否合理的關(guān)注。2013年美國底特律市政府也同樣面臨著被高額負債拖入破產(chǎn)的局面,其中負債的一半是退休金,由于底特律市政府對兩個養(yǎng)老基金機構(gòu)的欠款達到92億美元。2013年7月31日底特律市政府申請破產(chǎn)保護,進一步引發(fā)了全球?qū)︷B(yǎng)老金的關(guān)注。而養(yǎng)老金替代率是養(yǎng)老保險水平的基本指標,在衡量養(yǎng)老金慷慨度上具有標志性的地位。如何尋求適宜的養(yǎng)老金替代率,以保證一國的養(yǎng)老金制度既不能給國家財政帶來過重的負擔,又能有效的保證老年人的基本退休生活,是本文研究重點。 本文通過分析歐債危機爆發(fā)的原因,得出結(jié)論：過高的養(yǎng)老金替代率是導致歐債五國發(fā)生危機以及危機不斷深化的重要原因。通過理論分析,一國養(yǎng)老金替代率過高存在諸多弊端,而替代率過低則違背了福利制度的根本原則。因此,一國根據(jù)自己的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展水平確定適宜的養(yǎng)老金替代率具有重要意義。我國由于歷史原因以及制度的不完善,目前的養(yǎng)老金制度存在諸多問題,其中企業(yè)雇員過低的養(yǎng)老金替代率和公務員較高的替代率的并存而形成的雙軌制廣為詬病,也是亟待解決的重要問題。 本文通過分析我國養(yǎng)老金制度存在的諸多問題后,為我國的退休金制度改革提出了一系列政策建議,主要包括： (1)逐步解決養(yǎng)老金制度的雙軌制。 (2)逐步提高退休年齡,實行靈活的退休制度。 (3)通過養(yǎng)老金持有國有股轉(zhuǎn)換的優(yōu)先股增加養(yǎng)老金的收入來源。 (4)國家發(fā)行與通脹率相掛鉤的債券以增加養(yǎng)老金的投資渠道。 (5)在多項制度配套下,部分養(yǎng)老基金逐步進入股市以實現(xiàn)增值 (6)為了保證養(yǎng)老金資產(chǎn)的安全,建議加強對養(yǎng)老金資產(chǎn)運作各個環(huán)節(jié)的嚴格監(jiān)督。 本文主要采用比較分析法,在盡量統(tǒng)一比較基準的基礎上對養(yǎng)老金替代率進行比較并加以分析,得出適宜的養(yǎng)老金替代率的大體區(qū)間范圍。之前學者對養(yǎng)老金替代率的研究大多是從高度理想化的假設條件下建立模型確立養(yǎng)老金替代率的適宜水平,而本文是由具體的經(jīng)濟條件出發(fā),理論分析替代率的合理水平。在之前對OECD養(yǎng)老金制度的研究中,通常將OECD的高福利制度作為福利制度參照的標準,而本文則指出了一國的福利水平和養(yǎng)老金替代率的高低,不能脫離其本國經(jīng)濟發(fā)展水平,不能盲目攀比國際標準,必須量力而行。
[Abstract]:In the context of aging countries around the world, countries are paying more and more attention to pension systems. How to ensure the life of retirees and not bring excessive burden to national finance has become the focus of attention of governments and scholars. There has been more talk about how to ensure the lives of pensioners, and after the European debt crisis broke out, the European countries, which represent the high welfare system, fell into debt crisis. This raises concerns about the reasonableness of the welfare system. In 2013, the United States city of Detroit also faced the prospect of being dragged into bankruptcy by high levels of debt, half of which were pensions. The city of Detroit filed for bankruptcy protection on July 31, 2013, adding to the global focus on pensions as the city owed $9.2 billion to two pension agencies. The replacement rate of pension is the basic index of pension insurance level, and it has an iconic position in measuring pension generosity. How to find the appropriate pension replacement rate to ensure that a country's pension system can not bring excessive burden to the national finance, but also can effectively ensure the basic retirement life of the elderly, is the focus of this paper. Based on the analysis of the causes of the European debt crisis, this paper draws a conclusion that the excessive pension replacement rate is an important reason for the crisis in the five European countries and the deepening of the crisis. Through theoretical analysis, there are many disadvantages in a country's pension replacement rate, and the low replacement rate violates the fundamental principle of welfare system. Therefore, it is important for a country to determine the appropriate pension replacement rate according to its level of economic development. Because of the historical reasons and the imperfection of the system, there are many problems in the current pension system in our country, among which the dual track system formed by the coexistence of the low pension replacement rate of the enterprise employees and the high replacement rate of the civil servants is widely criticized. It is also an important problem to be solved. After analyzing the problems existing in the pension system of our country, this paper puts forward a series of policy suggestions for the reform of the pension system in our country, mainly including: (1) to solve the two-track system of the pension system step by step. (2) gradually raising the retirement age and implementing a flexible retirement system. (3) increase the income source of the pension through the conversion of state-owned shares. (4) the state issues bonds linked to inflation to increase investment channels for pensions. (5) in order to ensure the safety of pension assets, it is suggested to strengthen the strict supervision of every link in the operation of pension assets. This paper mainly uses the comparative analysis method to compare and analyze the pension substitution rate on the basis of unifying the comparison standard as far as possible and obtains the general range of the appropriate pension replacement rate. Previous researches on the pension replacement rate are mostly based on the highly idealized hypothesis to establish a model to establish the appropriate level of the pension replacement rate, and this paper is based on the specific economic conditions, theoretical analysis of the reasonable level of the replacement rate. In the previous research on OECD pension system, the high benefit system of OECD is usually regarded as the reference standard of welfare system. However, this paper points out that the level of welfare and the replacement rate of pension can not be separated from the level of economic development of a country. We must not blindly compare with international standards, but must act within our means.
【學位授予單位】：東北財經(jīng)大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：F842.67
本文編號：2253537
[Abstract]:In the context of aging countries around the world, countries are paying more and more attention to pension systems. How to ensure the life of retirees and not bring excessive burden to national finance has become the focus of attention of governments and scholars. There has been more talk about how to ensure the lives of pensioners, and after the European debt crisis broke out, the European countries, which represent the high welfare system, fell into debt crisis. This raises concerns about the reasonableness of the welfare system. In 2013, the United States city of Detroit also faced the prospect of being dragged into bankruptcy by high levels of debt, half of which were pensions. The city of Detroit filed for bankruptcy protection on July 31, 2013, adding to the global focus on pensions as the city owed $9.2 billion to two pension agencies. The replacement rate of pension is the basic index of pension insurance level, and it has an iconic position in measuring pension generosity. How to find the appropriate pension replacement rate to ensure that a country's pension system can not bring excessive burden to the national finance, but also can effectively ensure the basic retirement life of the elderly, is the focus of this paper. Based on the analysis of the causes of the European debt crisis, this paper draws a conclusion that the excessive pension replacement rate is an important reason for the crisis in the five European countries and the deepening of the crisis. Through theoretical analysis, there are many disadvantages in a country's pension replacement rate, and the low replacement rate violates the fundamental principle of welfare system. Therefore, it is important for a country to determine the appropriate pension replacement rate according to its level of economic development. Because of the historical reasons and the imperfection of the system, there are many problems in the current pension system in our country, among which the dual track system formed by the coexistence of the low pension replacement rate of the enterprise employees and the high replacement rate of the civil servants is widely criticized. It is also an important problem to be solved. After analyzing the problems existing in the pension system of our country, this paper puts forward a series of policy suggestions for the reform of the pension system in our country, mainly including: (1) to solve the two-track system of the pension system step by step. (2) gradually raising the retirement age and implementing a flexible retirement system. (3) increase the income source of the pension through the conversion of state-owned shares. (4) the state issues bonds linked to inflation to increase investment channels for pensions. (5) in order to ensure the safety of pension assets, it is suggested to strengthen the strict supervision of every link in the operation of pension assets. This paper mainly uses the comparative analysis method to compare and analyze the pension substitution rate on the basis of unifying the comparison standard as far as possible and obtains the general range of the appropriate pension replacement rate. Previous researches on the pension replacement rate are mostly based on the highly idealized hypothesis to establish a model to establish the appropriate level of the pension replacement rate, and this paper is based on the specific economic conditions, theoretical analysis of the reasonable level of the replacement rate. In the previous research on OECD pension system, the high benefit system of OECD is usually regarded as the reference standard of welfare system. However, this paper points out that the level of welfare and the replacement rate of pension can not be separated from the level of economic development of a country. We must not blindly compare with international standards, but must act within our means.
【學位授予單位】：東北財經(jīng)大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：F842.67
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