本文關(guān)鍵詞： 新型農(nóng)村社會養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn) 社會福利效應(yīng) 勞動力供給效應(yīng) 可持續(xù)性　出處：《南京農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2014年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：中國與當(dāng)前眾多發(fā)展中國家一樣,正面臨人口老齡化的問題,并且農(nóng)村人口老齡化形勢較城鎮(zhèn)更為嚴(yán)重。與此同時(shí),中國農(nóng)村傳統(tǒng)的養(yǎng)老模式正逐漸發(fā)生變化,一方面,隨著農(nóng)村青壯年勞動力不斷向城鎮(zhèn)轉(zhuǎn)移,中國傳統(tǒng)的農(nóng)村家庭養(yǎng)老保障方式維系的基礎(chǔ)開始動搖；另一方面,農(nóng)業(yè)的比較收益的持續(xù)降低導(dǎo)致農(nóng)村土地的保障功能逐步弱化,以上變化使得中國農(nóng)村養(yǎng)老問題變得日益嚴(yán)峻。近年來,國家對農(nóng)村養(yǎng)老問題日益重視,2009年9月,國務(wù)院開始了新農(nóng)保的試點(diǎn)工作。自新農(nóng)保試點(diǎn)以來受到了廣大衣民的歡迎,其覆蓋率快速提高。2014年2月,國家將新農(nóng)保與城居保合并為城鄉(xiāng)居民社會養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn),并提出要根據(jù)國家經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和物價(jià)變動等情況,適時(shí)調(diào)整城鄉(xiāng)居民社會養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)基礎(chǔ)養(yǎng)老金最低標(biāo)準(zhǔn)�？梢灶A(yù)見隨著國家農(nóng)村社會養(yǎng)老保障體系的日益完善,農(nóng)村老人的經(jīng)濟(jì)條件將得到逐步提高�；谝陨媳尘�,本文基于新農(nóng)保的制度框架下,首先對新農(nóng)保實(shí)施的制度效應(yīng)進(jìn)行了科學(xué)評價(jià),主要從社會福利效應(yīng)和勞動力供給效應(yīng)這兩個(gè)維度來進(jìn)行。關(guān)于新農(nóng)保的社會福利效應(yīng),從福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的角度講,養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)制度的一個(gè)重要作用在于調(diào)節(jié)收入差距。新農(nóng)保本質(zhì)上就是一種收入再分配機(jī)制,通過資金籌集與支付的不對等而實(shí)現(xiàn)對收入分配的調(diào)節(jié)作用：一方面,新農(nóng)保作為一項(xiàng)社會保障制度,各級政府對基礎(chǔ)養(yǎng)老金和個(gè)人繳費(fèi)均實(shí)行不同程度的財(cái)政補(bǔ)貼,從而可能產(chǎn)生參保與未參保人群之間的收入再分配；另一方面,即使在同一制度安排下,由于參保人的參保時(shí)間長短、收入高低、壽命等因素不同,也會產(chǎn)生收入再分配。因此,新農(nóng)保當(dāng)前制度安排是否有利于縮小農(nóng)村地區(qū)的貧富差距?政府采取何種補(bǔ)貼形式更有利于縮小貧富差距和提高農(nóng)村社會福利水平?關(guān)于新農(nóng)保的勞動力供給效應(yīng),養(yǎng)老金被認(rèn)為是影響勞動者退休的重要因素(Feldstein,1974;Samwick,1998)。通常而言,勞動者在年老后退出勞動力市場被視為其福利狀況改善的一個(gè)顯示性指標(biāo)。本文關(guān)注的是農(nóng)村老人的福利狀況,以老人是否能減少勞動供給為代表性指標(biāo),減少則代表了新農(nóng)保的財(cái)富效應(yīng)導(dǎo)致農(nóng)村老人勞動供給產(chǎn)生變化。在對新農(nóng)保制度效應(yīng)科學(xué)評價(jià)的基礎(chǔ)上,本文進(jìn)一步基于微觀視角探討了新農(nóng)保制度的可持續(xù)性。以往農(nóng)村社會養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)制度不夠成功的一個(gè)重要原因就是對農(nóng)戶的吸引力不足導(dǎo)致農(nóng)戶的參保積極性不高,并且難以激勵農(nóng)戶持續(xù)參保。這種情況下,當(dāng)前農(nóng)戶新農(nóng)保的參加和繳費(fèi)情況如何?影響農(nóng)戶持續(xù)參保和繳費(fèi)的主要因素有哪些?如何完善新農(nóng)保制度設(shè)計(jì)來促進(jìn)農(nóng)戶的持續(xù)參保和繳費(fèi)?圍繞以上問題,本文采用農(nóng)業(yè)部農(nóng)村固定觀察點(diǎn)全國抽樣調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)和江蘇宿遷一手調(diào)研數(shù)據(jù),對新農(nóng)保的制度效應(yīng)及可持續(xù)性展開了理論分析和實(shí)證考察,本文主要研究內(nèi)容和相關(guān)結(jié)論如下：研究內(nèi)容一：新農(nóng)保社會福利效應(yīng)的測算與分析本部分內(nèi)容的研究目標(biāo)是考察不同收入組農(nóng)戶的新農(nóng)保繳費(fèi)和養(yǎng)老金收入情況,以此評價(jià)新農(nóng)保制度潛在的收入再分配效應(yīng)和社會福利效應(yīng)。研究結(jié)果表明：第一當(dāng)前新農(nóng)保的實(shí)施能有效縮小農(nóng)戶的收入差距和提高農(nóng)村社會福利水平,新農(nóng)保繳費(fèi)會擴(kuò)大農(nóng)村居民的收入差距,而養(yǎng)老金收入會縮小農(nóng)村居民的收入差距。第二,從東、中、西部地區(qū)間比較來看,當(dāng)前新農(nóng)保對縮小中部地區(qū)農(nóng)戶的收入差距和提高當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)村社會福利水平最為有利、東部次之、西部最弱。分開討論新農(nóng)保的繳費(fèi)和養(yǎng)老金收入環(huán)節(jié),新農(nóng)保繳費(fèi)對西部地區(qū)農(nóng)戶收入差距的影響最大,而新農(nóng)保養(yǎng)老金收入則對中部地區(qū)農(nóng)戶收入差距的影響最大。第三,當(dāng)前新農(nóng)保政策中“捆綁條款”的實(shí)施在總體上顯著減少了農(nóng)戶新農(nóng)保養(yǎng)老金收入,對新農(nóng)保的收入再分配效應(yīng)及社會福利效應(yīng)均具有抑制作用。第四,在現(xiàn)有政策框架下,新農(nóng)保的實(shí)施能持續(xù)縮小農(nóng)村居民的收入差距、提高農(nóng)村社會福利水平,而若新農(nóng)保的待遇水平保持不變,新農(nóng)保調(diào)節(jié)農(nóng)村居民收入差距和提高農(nóng)村社會福利水平的作用會呈現(xiàn)“先增后減”的變化趨勢。研究內(nèi)容二：新農(nóng)保勞動力供給效應(yīng)的實(shí)證分析本部分內(nèi)容的研究目標(biāo)是探討新農(nóng)保養(yǎng)老金收入對農(nóng)村老人勞動供給的影響,以此評價(jià)新農(nóng)保制度的勞動力供給效應(yīng)。研究結(jié)果表明：第一,新農(nóng)保養(yǎng)老金收入能顯著減少農(nóng)村老人的勞動供給、提高農(nóng)村老人的福利水平。第二,相對于本地非農(nóng)勞動和外出就業(yè)勞動,新農(nóng)保養(yǎng)老金收入對農(nóng)村老人農(nóng)業(yè)勞動供給的影響更大,提高養(yǎng)老金收入會更多減少農(nóng)村老人農(nóng)業(yè)勞動的時(shí)間。第三,新農(nóng)保養(yǎng)老金收入對不同類型農(nóng)村老人勞動供給的影響存在一定的差異,對男性老人勞動供給的影響大于女性老人；對年齡越接近60歲農(nóng)村老人的勞動供給行為的影響越大；新農(nóng)保養(yǎng)老金收入主要影響中等健康水平農(nóng)村老人的勞動供給行為,對健康狀況較好和較差的農(nóng)村老人的勞動供給沒有顯著影響；新農(nóng)保養(yǎng)老金收入對不同地區(qū)老人勞動供給行為的影響從東部至西部呈現(xiàn)遞增的變化趨勢。因此,增加新農(nóng)保養(yǎng)老金收入對提高男性老人、年齡接近60歲的老人、健康狀況為中等水平的老人以及西部地區(qū)老人的福利水平更為有利。研究內(nèi)容三：基于微觀視角的新農(nóng)保制度可持續(xù)性分析本部分內(nèi)容的研究目標(biāo)是確定影響農(nóng)戶新農(nóng)保參加和繳費(fèi)的主要因素,并在此基礎(chǔ)上基于微觀視角探討新農(nóng)保制度的可持續(xù)性。研究結(jié)果表明：第一,家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)條件、耕地面積和戶主文化程度是影響農(nóng)戶新農(nóng)保參加概率的重要因素,當(dāng)前新農(nóng)保制度對收入較高、家庭耕地面積較小和戶主文化程度較低的農(nóng)戶的吸引力相對較弱。第二,家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)條件、養(yǎng)老負(fù)擔(dān)和教育支出壓力是制約農(nóng)戶新農(nóng)保繳費(fèi)支出的重要因素。因此,隨著農(nóng)村居民收入水平的提高以及教育、醫(yī)療等其他社會保障制度的逐步完善,可以預(yù)見,農(nóng)戶的新農(nóng)保繳費(fèi)能力以及所選繳費(fèi)檔次將會逐步提高。第三,從地區(qū)差異來看,相對于東部地區(qū)農(nóng)戶,中、西部地區(qū)農(nóng)戶參加新農(nóng)保的概率更高,但繳費(fèi)金額要更少。第四,當(dāng)前“捆綁條款”的實(shí)施對農(nóng)戶新農(nóng)保參加概率具有積極影響,但相對于高收入人群, “捆綁條款”對低收入人群參保概率的影響更大,并由此可能導(dǎo)致“逆向選擇”的問題。
[Abstract]:As with the current China of many developing countries are facing the problem of population aging, and the aging of the rural population is urban situation more serious. At the same time, the traditional rural endowment pattern Chinese is gradually changing, on the one hand, with the young labor force in rural areas to cities and towns, based China traditional rural family pension mode to maintain began to shake; on the other hand, the relative yield of agriculture continued decrease of rural land security function is gradually weakening, these changes make the rural old-age problem Chinese has become increasingly serious. In recent years, countries pay more attention to the rural old-age problem, in September 2009, the State Council began the pilot work of the new agricultural insurance. The new agricultural insurance pilot has been the majority of farmers welcome, the coverage rate of the rapid increase in.2014 in February, the country will be the new agricultural insurance and home insurance combined city for urban and rural residents in the community The endowment insurance, and put forward according to the national economic development and price changes, pension and social endowment insurance of urban and rural residents basic minimum standards can be predicted timely adjustment. With the national rural social old-age insurance system is increasingly perfect, the elderly in rural economic conditions will be gradually improved. Based on the above background, this paper based on the framework of the new agricultural insurance system under the effect of the new agricultural insurance system firstly carried out scientific evaluation, mainly from the two dimensions of social welfare effect and labor supply effect. On the social welfare effects of new agricultural insurance, welfare from the perspective of economics, one of the important role of the endowment insurance system is to regulate the income gap between the new agricultural insurance. Nature is a kind of income redistribution mechanism, through the financing and payment of the asymmetry and realize the regulation of income distribution: on the one hand, the new agricultural insurance as A social security system, the implementation of all levels of government are different levels of financial subsidies for basic pension and individual contributions, which may generate income redistribution between insured and uninsured; on the other hand, even in the same arrangement system, because the insured person insured the length of time, the level of income, life and other factors are different. It will produce the redistribution of income. Therefore, the new agricultural insurance the current institutional arrangement is conducive to narrowing the gap between the rich and the poor in rural areas? What government subsidies form is more conducive to narrowing the gap between rich and poor and improve the level of rural social welfare? About the effect of the new agricultural insurance supply of labor pension is considered as an important factor affecting the Worker Retirement (Feldstein, 1974; Samwick, 1998). Generally speaking, workers in the old out of the labor market is a display index as the improvement of its welfare state. This paper pays attention to Is the rural elderly welfare to the elderly can reduce labor supply for the representative index, reduce the wealth effect on behalf of the new agricultural insurance in the rural elderly labor supply changes. Based on the insurance effect of scientific evaluation of the new farmers, this paper further based on the sustainable micro perspective of the new agricultural insurance system one of the important reasons. The rural social endowment insurance system is not successful on appeal due to the lack of their enthusiasm is not high, and it is difficult to encourage farmers to continue the insured. In this case, how the farmers in the new agricultural insurance and payment of the current? What are the main factors influencing farmers' sustainable insurance? How to improve the new agricultural insurance system designed to promote farmers' sustainable insurance? Based on the above problems, the Ministry of agriculture rural fixed observation point national sample Check the data and Jiangsu Suqian first-hand survey data, the theoretical analysis and Empirical Study on the effect of the new agricultural insurance system and sustainability, the main research contents and conclusions are as follows: Part One: the calculation of the new agricultural insurance and social welfare effect analysis in this part of the goal of the research is to study the new rural farmers with different income group insurance payment and pension income, in order to evaluate the new agricultural insurance income redistribution effect and social welfare effect of system potential. The results show that the first implementation of the new agricultural insurance can effectively narrow the income gap between farmers and rural areas to raise the level of social welfare, the new agricultural insurance payment will expand the income gap of rural residents, and pension income will narrow the income gap of rural residents. Second, from the East, in the western region, the comparison between the current and new agricultural insurance to narrow the income gap of farmers in central and To improve the level of the local rural social welfare is most favorable, Higashibe Jinno, the west is the weakest. The discussion of the new agricultural insurance premiums and pension income sectors separately, the new agricultural insurance payment effect on Farmers' income gap between the western region and the largest pension income impact on Farmers' income gap in the central region is the largest. Third, implementation of the new rural insurance policy of "binding" clause in general significantly reduced farmers' pension income has inhibitory effect on the redistribution of income and social welfare effects of new agricultural insurance. In fourth, the existing policy framework, the implementation of the new agricultural insurance can continue to narrow the income gap of rural residents, improve the level of rural areas the social welfare, and if the new agricultural insurance benefits remain unchanged, the new agricultural insurance and adjust the income gap of rural residents and improve the level of rural social welfare function will show the first increase and then decrease "change Trend. Two research contents: the aim of the study empirical analysis of the new agricultural insurance labor supply effect of this part is to explore the effect of the new agricultural insurance pension income for rural elderly labor supply, in order to evaluate the effect of the new agricultural insurance system of labor supply. The results show that: first, the new agricultural insurance pension income can significantly reduce the elderly in rural areas the supply of labor, improve the rural elderly welfare level. Second, compared to the local non-agricultural labor and employment of labor, effect of pension income on agricultural labor supply of the rural elderly more, improve pension income will reduce more of the rural elderly agricultural labor time. Third, there are some differences between the effects of the new agricultural insurance pension income the elderly in the rural areas of different types of labor supply, labor supply effect on elderly men more than women for the elderly; age is nearly 60 years old rural elderly The greater the effect of labor supply behavior; labor supply behavior mainly affects the pension income of rural elderly secondary health level, has no significant effect on the health status of good and poor rural elderly labor supply; effect of pension income in different areas for the elderly labor supply behavior from the east to the West showed a trend of increasing. Therefore, increase pension income to improve the elderly men, aged nearly 60 years old, the health status of the elderly and the elderly is of medium level western welfare level is more favorable. The research contents: three research objectives of the new agricultural insurance system from the perspective of micro sustainability analysis based on the content of this part is to determine influence of the new agricultural insurance and farmers the main factors in payment, and on the basis of sustainable micro perspective to explore the new agricultural insurance system. Based on the research results Ming: first, family economic conditions, cultivated land area and the education level of farmers is an important factor affecting farmers new agricultural insurance to participate in the probability, the new agricultural insurance system of higher income, farmers and small household culture with a low degree of farmland area family appeal is relatively weak. In second, the family economic conditions, the pressure of pension burden and education expenditure is an important factor restricting farmers new agricultural insurance payment expenditure. Therefore, with the income level of rural residents and the improvement of education, medical and other social security system gradually perfect, it can be predicted that the new agricultural farmers insurance payment ability and selected payment level will gradually increase. Third, from the regional differences, with respect to the eastern region of farmers in the western region, farmers participate in the new agricultural insurance probability is higher, but the payment amount to less. Fourth, implementation of the "bundling" clause in the probability of farmers new agricultural insurance It has a positive impact, but relative to the high income group, the "binding clause" has a greater impact on the insured participation probability of the low-income group, which may lead to the problem of adverse selection.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：F323.89;F842.67

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