本文選題：校園風(fēng)險(xiǎn)　切入點(diǎn)：風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理　出處：《武漢大學(xué)》2012年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：“百年大計(jì)，教育為本”和“教育強(qiáng)則國(guó)強(qiáng)”這兩條基本規(guī)律早已被歷史所驗(yàn)證，但其中蘊(yùn)含的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)道理直到上世紀(jì)下半葉才被經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)。以舒爾茨和貝克爾為代表人物的人力資本理論和以羅默和盧卡斯為代表人物的內(nèi)生增長(zhǎng)理論均支持教育在經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中的重要地位。 人力資本理論將資本分為物質(zhì)資本和人力資本，認(rèn)為人力資本的重要性要超過(guò)物質(zhì)資本，從而強(qiáng)調(diào)了教育的重要性。內(nèi)生增長(zhǎng)理論又將人力資本分為社會(huì)一般人力資本和專業(yè)化人力資本，認(rèn)為專業(yè)化人力資本形成的規(guī)模和速度取決于社會(huì)一般人力資本水平，而社會(huì)一般人力資本通過(guò)學(xué)校教育獲得，從而進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)了教育的重要性。 但是，傳統(tǒng)的理念更重視教育的正�！爱a(chǎn)出”，而忽視了“風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”對(duì)正常“產(chǎn)出”過(guò)程的影響甚至“中斷”。中國(guó)校園的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)狀況不容樂(lè)觀，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)對(duì)教育“產(chǎn)出”的“破壞”還時(shí)有發(fā)生，有時(shí)還比較嚴(yán)重。我們不應(yīng)該忘記汶川地震奪走的數(shù)千名學(xué)生的鮮活生命，同樣也不會(huì)失卻“奪命校車”慘案帶來(lái)的記憶。 如果說(shuō)重視教育質(zhì)量有利于高質(zhì)量的“產(chǎn)出”，那么重視風(fēng)險(xiǎn)則有利于穩(wěn)定、連續(xù)的“產(chǎn)出”。隨著其他研究領(lǐng)域和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理領(lǐng)域的不斷融合，新的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理理念、技術(shù)和模式也不斷出現(xiàn)，支持著校園風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理的深入研究。 校園風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理是指人們對(duì)校園風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的認(rèn)識(shí)、控制和處理的主動(dòng)行為。傳統(tǒng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理流程包括制定風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理計(jì)劃、識(shí)別風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、衡量風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、評(píng)價(jià)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、選擇具體方法、效果評(píng)價(jià)等。隨著風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理理論研究的進(jìn)展和融合，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理的基本要素縮小為風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的識(shí)別、評(píng)估和處理，這同樣適用于校園風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理領(lǐng)域。 校園風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的識(shí)別主要包括校園風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及其發(fā)展趨勢(shì)的考察。如果按照傳統(tǒng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)定義，校園風(fēng)險(xiǎn)限定了風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的發(fā)生地點(diǎn)，但如果從風(fēng)險(xiǎn)社會(huì)的視角來(lái)看，校園風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的考量則需要超越校園的圍墻。校園風(fēng)險(xiǎn)包括涉及校園的人身風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、財(cái)產(chǎn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和責(zé)任風(fēng)險(xiǎn)等，但最主要的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)還是學(xué)生人身風(fēng)險(xiǎn)以及相應(yīng)的學(xué)校管理責(zé)任。隨著社會(huì)外部環(huán)境和校園內(nèi)部環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)狀況的變化，受突發(fā)事件增多、事故成本上升、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)意識(shí)欠缺以及應(yīng)對(duì)手段不足等因素影響，校園風(fēng)險(xiǎn)呈現(xiàn)出日益復(fù)雜化的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。校園風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的核心問(wèn)題在于中小學(xué)校園安全事故多發(fā)，，并在事故發(fā)生的區(qū)域、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、學(xué)段和類別等方面有著突出特點(diǎn)。 校園風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估主要是指對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)發(fā)生頻率和損失程度的評(píng)估。RAC法是評(píng)估校園風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估的主要方法，通過(guò)考察影響校園風(fēng)險(xiǎn)事件的兩類因素——發(fā)生頻率和損失程度，來(lái)確定單個(gè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)等級(jí)。校園風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估的主要內(nèi)容則包括火災(zāi)（爆炸）風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估、管理風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估、群發(fā)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估和個(gè)體性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估等。 校園風(fēng)險(xiǎn)處理主要是指如何采取合理的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理技術(shù)來(lái)應(yīng)對(duì)校園風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。校園風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理技術(shù)主要包括兩類：控制型風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理技術(shù)和融資型風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理技術(shù)�？刂菩惋L(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理技術(shù)包括校園風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的避免、預(yù)防和抑制等，融資型風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理技術(shù)主要包括校園風(fēng)險(xiǎn)自留和校園風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移。 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)警機(jī)制在今天風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理的研究中亦不少見，完全可以成為校園風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理的重要內(nèi)容。建立校園風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)警機(jī)制不僅有利于校園風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理從“被動(dòng)”管理向“主動(dòng)”管理轉(zhuǎn)變，而且有利于校園風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理從“單一”管理向管理技術(shù)“綜合運(yùn)用”、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理主體“多元”的“綜合”管理轉(zhuǎn)變。 校園風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)警主要由制度保障和觸發(fā)機(jī)制兩部分內(nèi)容構(gòu)成，前者是依據(jù)政府相關(guān)法律法規(guī)制定的校園風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理規(guī)則，后者的關(guān)鍵在于觸發(fā)臨界值的估算，涉及單類風(fēng)險(xiǎn)觸發(fā)臨界值的估算和校園總體風(fēng)險(xiǎn)觸發(fā)臨界值的估算。 校園風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理可以考慮轉(zhuǎn)向安全預(yù)防、應(yīng)急管理和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移“三位一體”的新模式。當(dāng)前，校園風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理仍然存在著財(cái)政資金支持不夠、校方防范意識(shí)不夠、學(xué)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)意識(shí)不強(qiáng)等安全預(yù)防不完善問(wèn)題，應(yīng)急措施實(shí)施不力、法律手段運(yùn)用不夠、處理結(jié)果區(qū)域差異較大等應(yīng)急處理不給力問(wèn)題以及保險(xiǎn)產(chǎn)品有效需求和有效供給“雙不足”等風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移不充分問(wèn)題。 在安全預(yù)防方面，既需要繼續(xù)完善安全預(yù)防體制和優(yōu)化安全預(yù)防機(jī)制，也需要繼續(xù)出臺(tái)類似《校車安全管理?xiàng)l例》的安全預(yù)防重要規(guī)章。在應(yīng)急管理方面，既需要繼續(xù)完善應(yīng)急預(yù)案體系、應(yīng)急管理體制、應(yīng)急管理運(yùn)行機(jī)制和應(yīng)急管理法制為代表的“一案三制”，也需要建立安全事故、突發(fā)事件、自然災(zāi)害等不同校園突發(fā)公共事件的應(yīng)急管理程序。在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移上，除了政府財(cái)力和社會(huì)捐贈(zèng)等非保險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移手段外，需要著重運(yùn)用保險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移手段。 校園保險(xiǎn)是校園風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理的市場(chǎng)工具，可以有效轉(zhuǎn)移可保的校園風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，其兩大核心險(xiǎn)種分別是學(xué)生人身意外傷害險(xiǎn)和校方責(zé)任保險(xiǎn)。校園保險(xiǎn)之所以在校園風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移中起主導(dǎo)作用，主要源于校園風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的特殊性。與其他保險(xiǎn)類別相比，校園保險(xiǎn)具有公益特征并且更強(qiáng)調(diào)社會(huì)管理功能的發(fā)揮。校園保險(xiǎn)的公益性表現(xiàn)為：一是保持“微利”，二是提供更多的防災(zāi)防損服務(wù)。校園保險(xiǎn)不僅需要法律法規(guī)的保障和政府財(cái)力的幫助，而且可以成為保險(xiǎn)公司從保險(xiǎn)服務(wù)商向風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理服務(wù)商戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)型的排頭兵。 校園保險(xiǎn)發(fā)展的保障措施包括技術(shù)保障措施和政策保障措施兩大類。前者主要包括完善的校園風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理服務(wù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)和系統(tǒng)的校園風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，而后者主要包括以法律法規(guī)為代表的制度保障和以財(cái)政補(bǔ)貼為主體的資金保障。 在市場(chǎng)主體方面，校園保險(xiǎn)不僅需要保險(xiǎn)公司，還特別需要能夠提供專業(yè)化校園風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理服務(wù)的保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)公司。在產(chǎn)品開發(fā)方面，校園保險(xiǎn)需要從單一校園保險(xiǎn)產(chǎn)品向綜合校園保險(xiǎn)產(chǎn)品轉(zhuǎn)變。在營(yíng)銷策略方面，校園保險(xiǎn)需要從價(jià)格競(jìng)爭(zhēng)導(dǎo)向轉(zhuǎn)向服務(wù)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)導(dǎo)向。 深圳是運(yùn)用保險(xiǎn)這一校園風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理市場(chǎng)工具較為成功的城市。2005年《深圳市學(xué)校安全管理?xiàng)l例》的頒布標(biāo)志著校園風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理進(jìn)入“事前安全管理和事中、事后應(yīng)急救助和調(diào)查處理”的階段。2006年4月26日，由深圳市政府出資、人保財(cái)險(xiǎn)深圳市分公司承保的深圳校方責(zé)任險(xiǎn)正式起保生效。2010年頒布的《深圳市學(xué)校安全管理?xiàng)l例》實(shí)施細(xì)則更加強(qiáng)調(diào)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移手段的重要地位，更加強(qiáng)化安全預(yù)防中的安全教育，更加重視應(yīng)急管理的重要性。2010年，深圳市政府在全面實(shí)施校方責(zé)任險(xiǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上，開始支持學(xué)生人身意外傷害險(xiǎn)。“雙險(xiǎn)”并行在保險(xiǎn)責(zé)任范圍上有所互補(bǔ)，進(jìn)一步完善了校園風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理機(jī)制，有效地實(shí)現(xiàn)了“低事故、廣覆蓋、高保障”的運(yùn)行目標(biāo)。 事實(shí)上，“三位一體”校園風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理新模式還可以進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化，可以通過(guò)健全的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理網(wǎng)絡(luò)來(lái)完善安全預(yù)防建設(shè)，通過(guò)合理的應(yīng)急管理模式來(lái)提升應(yīng)急管理效率，通過(guò)加強(qiáng)引入校園保險(xiǎn)機(jī)制來(lái)提升風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移效果。保險(xiǎn)機(jī)制在新模式中的作用也可以進(jìn)一步提升，可以通過(guò)幫助建立風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)警機(jī)制來(lái)協(xié)助完善安全預(yù)防，也可以通過(guò)校園保險(xiǎn)機(jī)制提升應(yīng)急管理效率�？傊�，一旦“三位一體”新模式的嘗試獲得成功，中國(guó)校園風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理的局面將煥然一新。
[Abstract]:"A matter of education which has two basic rules of this" and "education strong" was tested by history, but the second half of the economics of truth until the last century by economists. Found by Schultz and Becker as the representative figure of the human capital theory and by Romer and Lucas as the representative of the endogenous growth theory support an important role of education in economic development.
The human capital theory, capital into material capital and human capital, to think more than physical capital, the importance of human capital, which emphasizes the importance of education. The endogenous growth theory and human capital is divided into general human capital and professional human capital, that the specialization human capital formation depends on the scale and speed of the society the general level of human capital, and the school education obtained by society in general human capital, which further emphasizes the importance of education.
However, the normal "output" the traditional concept of the importance of education, but ignore the influence of "risk" to the normal "output" process and "interrupt". China campus risk situation is not optimistic, the risk of education "output" to "destroy" also occur, sometimes more serious. We should not forget the Wenchuan earthquake killed thousands of students living life, also not losing the "deadly school bus" massacre brought memories.
If the importance of education quality is conducive to high quality output, so pay attention to the risk is conducive to stability, continuous "output". Along with other research areas and risk management in the field of continuous integration, the new concept of risk management, technology and mode are also emerging, with in-depth study of campus risk management.
Campus risk management refers to people's understanding of campus risk, active behavior control and processing. The traditional risk management process including the development of risk management planning, risk identification, risk evaluation, risk measure, the choice of specific methods, evaluation and research progress. With the integration of risk management theory, the basic elements of risk management to narrow recognition for the risk assessment and treatment, the same applies to the field of campus risk management.
Study to identify risks including the risk of campus campus and its development trend. According to the traditional definition of risk, risk limits the risk occurred on campus, but if from the perspective of risk society, risk considerations need to go beyond the campus walls of the campus. The campus includes the risk of personal risk relates to the campus, property risk and responsibility the risk, but the risk is the main risk or students and the corresponding school management responsibility. With the change of internal environment risk status and external environment of society in the campus emergencies increased by accident, rising costs, lack of risk awareness and influence factors such as lack of means of dealing with risk, campus presents an increasingly complex trend. The core problem of campus risk lies in multiple safety accidents in primary and middle school campus, and in the accident area, time, location, stage and category etc. There is a prominent feature.
The campus is mainly refers to the risk assessment is the main method to evaluate the risk assessment evaluation of campus.RAC risk frequency and the extent of the loss, through the two factors influence the frequency of occurrence of risk events, campus and the extent of the loss, to determine a single risk. The main contents of the campus include fire risk assessment (explosion) the risk assessment management, risk assessment, risk assessment group and individual risk assessment.
Campus risk management mainly refers to how to take reasonable risk management techniques to deal with the campus campus risk. Risk management techniques mainly include two types: control technology of risk management and financing risk management control technology. To avoid the type of risk management techniques including campus risk, prevention and suppression, the type of financing risk management technology mainly includes the campus the risk retention and risk transfer.
Risk warning mechanism in the research of risk management in today is not uncommon, can become an important part of the campus of risk management. The establishment of the campus risk early warning mechanism is not only beneficial to the campus risk management change from "passive" to "active management" management, but also conducive to the campus risk management from the "single management" to "comprehensive use of technology management" risk management subject "multiple" "comprehensive" management.
The campus consists of risk early warning system to protect and trigger the two part mechanism of contents, the former is based on the campus risk management rules formulated relevant laws and regulations of the government, the latter is the key trigger to estimate the critical value, involving a single risk estimate and the total risk trigger threshold trigger to estimate the critical value.
Campus risk management can be considered to safety prevention, emergency management and risk transfer "three-in-one" of the new model. At present, the campus risk management still exist in financial support is not enough, the awareness is not enough, the students do not have a strong sense of security risk prevention is not perfect, the implementation of emergency measures ineffective, legal means is not enough, the area some emergency suck problems and insurance products effective supply and demand "double shortage" risk transfer is not sufficient.
In the prevention aspect, not only need to continue to improve the safety prevention system and the optimization of security prevention mechanism, also need to continue to introduce important safety regulations to prevent similar regulations on school bus safety management. < > in emergency management, not only need to continue to improve the emergency plan system, emergency management system, emergency management mechanism and emergency management legal representative "a case of three", also need to establish safety accidents, natural disasters and other emergencies, different campus public emergencies emergency management procedures. In the transfer of risk, in addition to government financial and social donation and other non insurance transfer means, need to focus on the use of insurance transfer means.
The campus is the campus of the insurance market risk management tools, can effectively transfer the campus insurable risk, the two core categories are student personal accident insurance and liability insurance. The insurance can play a leading role in the campus campus risk transfer, mainly due to the particularity of campus risk. Compared with other types of insurance, campus insurance is public property and more emphasis on social management functions. Public welfare of campus insurance: one is to keep the "profit", the two is to provide more services. Campus loss prevention laws and regulations not only guarantee insurance needs and government financial help, but also become the vanguard of the insurance company from the insurance service providers to risk management service providers strategic transformation.
Security measures of campus insurance development including technical measures and policy measures in two categories. The former mainly includes the campus risk management database campus risk management service network and improve the system, while the latter mainly includes institutional guarantee to the laws and regulations as the representative and financial subsidies as the main funding.
In the main market, campus insurance not only need insurance, also need to be able to provide the insurance brokerage company specialized campus risk management services. In product development, from a single campus campus need insurance insurance products to the comprehensive campus insurance products change. In the marketing strategy, the campus insurance needs from price competition to service competition oriented the guide.
Shenzhen is the use of insurance as a risk management tool market campus successful city.2005 Shenzhen city ordinance "school safety management" marks the promulgation of campus risk management into the "advance safety management and the matter, after the emergency rescue and investigation" stage.2006 in April 26th, funded by the Shenzhen municipal government, PICC Shenzhen Shenzhen City Branch underwriting the liability insurance plays an important role in force officially promulgated the ".2010 Shenzhen city schools safety management regulations on the detailed rules for the implementation of more emphasis on risk transfer means more, strengthen the safety education in the prevention of safety, pay more attention to the importance of emergency management for.2010 years, the Shenzhen municipal government on the basis of the full implementation of the school liability insurance on the support of students' personal accident insurance." double insurance "parallel be complementary in the insurance coverage, to further improve the campus risk management The mechanism has effectively implemented the operational objectives of "low accident, wide coverage and high security".
In fact, the "three-in-one" campus risk management new mode can be further optimized, can improve the risk management of the network to improve the safety construction, through the emergency management mode reasonable to enhance the efficiency of emergency management, by strengthening the introduction of campus insurance mechanism to improve the risk transfer effect. The role of the insurance mechanism in the new model can also be further to ascend, to help improve the safety precautions by helping to establish a risk warning mechanism, but also can improve the efficiency of emergency management through the campus insurance mechanism. In short, once the "try three-in-one" new model of success, Chinese campus risk management situation will take on an altogether new aspect.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：武漢大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：G47

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