本文選題：不對稱 + 肯定�。� 參考：《上海師范大學》2013年博士論文

【摘要】：本文研究漢語句法上的多元不對稱現(xiàn)象，包括語序左右不對稱以及肯定否定形式的不對稱，主要探討漢語不對稱現(xiàn)象的表現(xiàn)、作用與規(guī)律。所討論的內(nèi)容主要為差比句不對稱系列和數(shù)量成分前置不對稱系列，包括：1）漢語差比句語序不對稱現(xiàn)象；2）定中短語比較項的不對稱；3）差比句肯定否定形式的不對稱；4）差比句不對稱的動因；5）否定式中“一量名”格式的不對稱；6）否定式時量成分前置的不對稱；7）時量成分前置時虛詞的不對稱；8）否定式數(shù)量成分前置不對稱的動因。 第一章是緒論。 第二章是標記理論簡介。標記論跟不對稱現(xiàn)象密不可分。文章分析了標記理論的嬗變，指出標記的判定標準影響不對稱現(xiàn)象的選取及解釋�！邦l率”可以看作是核心的判定標準，但其解釋力應受到限制。最后，指出標記的一些特點，如標記象似性、標記顛倒、標記轉(zhuǎn)移及標記同化。 第三章主要剖析前人研究中的不對稱現(xiàn)象。前人研究表明，不對稱現(xiàn)象包括語義不對稱、肯定否定不對稱及語序不對稱。在總結(jié)前人研究的基礎上，我們將研究目標鎖定為跟語序及肯定否定有關的不對稱現(xiàn)象，因為這一類多元不對稱現(xiàn)象跟語言中的深層句法因素密切相關。 第四至第十一章可分為兩個系列，包括差比句不對稱系列和否定式數(shù)量成分前置系列。其中每一章集中研究一個個案，通過個案的分析探討語序不對稱的某一個具體問題。 第四章為差比句中的語序不對稱。漢語差比句并未嚴格遵從類型學差比句研究得出的語言共性。漢語普通話及方言中包含了所有可能存在的差比句語序類型，并且還存在天臺話這樣比較主體由比較后項充當?shù)奶乩�。漢語普通話差比句的特殊性主要是由于形容詞比較結(jié)果項必須單獨作謂語才能表比較造成的。漢語差比句內(nèi)部發(fā)展不平衡，各種句式存在標記性強弱及使用頻率高低的差異，各句式存在典型句式和核心句式的區(qū)分。文章還分析了差比句否定式“沒有”句和“不比”句，并指出“不比”句為差比句的否定式。 第五章為差比句肯定否定式的不對稱�？隙ㄊ健⒎e極意義形容詞的使用頻率均高于否定式、消極意義形容詞的使用頻率；其次，漢語的否定標記位于比較標記前，而非形容詞比較結(jié)果項前。原因就在于，漢語差比句比較功能主要由無標記的形容詞承擔，有標記的形容詞不能承擔比較功能。所以否定詞“不”只能否定比較標記，而不能否定比較結(jié)果項。第三，差比句肯定否定式存在不對稱。差比句肯定式表示線性增量，比較結(jié)果項可自由延展；否定式不表示線性增量，比較結(jié)果項不能自由延展。這一點也具有語言共性。 第六章為差比句比較項為定中短語時的不對稱，差比句比較項、領有標記“的”及定中短語語義關系三者都蘊含“整體-部分”義，不同語言對“整體-部分”義具有不同的編碼方式，這造成了句式變換上的一系列不對稱。類型學的考察證明了定中短語比較項具有“整體-部分”義這一觀點，并且為對外漢語教學提供一定的參考。 第七章為差比句不對稱的動因。母語者和二語學習者差比句式的使用頻率存在的差異顯示漢語差比句學習難度來自于漢語形容詞比較結(jié)果項的特殊性。這一特殊性對漢語差比句的語序、否定標記位置、比較標記等均有影響。 第八章為否定式中“一量名”語序左右不對稱。首先指出，，一量名否定格式中“一量名”意義的分化是語序變化及形式不對稱的主要動因�！耙涣棵弊笥艺Z序不對稱的句法表現(xiàn)為句法構(gòu)造和論元結(jié)構(gòu)不同、邏輯意義不同、焦點結(jié)構(gòu)和信息結(jié)構(gòu)不同、強調(diào)標記“都/也”指向不同；語義表現(xiàn)為量化“個體”和量化“事件”的對立、虛擬量化句和現(xiàn)實行為句的對立。 第九章為時量成分前置時的不對稱。肯定式中時量成分在動詞右側(cè)，否定式中時量成分在動詞左側(cè)。時量成分句法位置的變化跟動詞界性特征有關系。 第十章為時量成分前置時虛詞的不對稱。以往研究將時量成分中的虛詞“就/才”的不對稱歸結(jié)為主觀性，本研究指出肯定式中虛詞“就/才”和否定式中虛詞“都/也”的區(qū)分主要受到動詞界性特征的影響。 第十一章為否定式時量成分不對稱的深層動因。時量成分左前移受到句法深層因素的影響，也受到歷史語料的支持；另一方面時量成分左前移跟連動式表達的經(jīng)濟性有關，屬于語用擠壓的結(jié)果。 第十二章為結(jié)束語。
[Abstract]:In this paper , we study the multi - element asymmetry phenomena in Chinese syntax , including the asymmetry of the order left and right and the unsymmetry of the positive negative form , and mainly discuss the expression , function and law of the asymmetry phenomenon in Chinese .
2 ) the asymmetry of the comparison term in the definite medium phrase ;
3 ) the difference is definitely negative form of asymmetry ;
4 ) the reason of the asymmetry of the difference ratio ;
5 ) the asymmetry of the format of " an amount name " in the negative expression ;
6 ) the asymmetry of the pre - posed amount component of the negative time quantity component ;
7 ) the asymmetry of the imaginary word at the front of the time quantity component ;
8 ) Negative quantity component preposed asymmetrical driver .

The first chapter is Introduction .

The second chapter is a brief introduction to the labeling theory . The marker theory is inseparable from the asymmetry phenomenon . The paper analyzes the evolution of the marking theory , points out that the criterion of the marker affects the selection and interpretation of the asymmetry phenomenon . The frequency can be regarded as the core criterion of determination , but its explanatory power should be limited . Finally , some characteristics of the mark , such as mark iconicity , mark inversion , mark transfer and mark assimilation are pointed out .

In the third chapter , the asymmetry phenomenon in the previous studies is mainly analyzed . The former studies show that the asymmetry phenomena include semantic asymmetry , positive negative asymmetry and dissymmetry . On the basis of summarizing the previous studies , we will study the asymmetry of the target lock as the word order and the positive negation , because the multi - element asymmetry phenomenon is closely related to the deep syntactic factors in the language .

The fourth to eleventh chapters can be divided into two series , including the series of differential sentences and negative quantity components . Each chapter focuses on a case , and discusses a specific problem of the dissymmetry of the order through the analysis of the case .

This paper also analyzes the differences between the sentence patterns and the core periods , and points out that the difference is negative than that of the sentence .

The fifth chapter is positive and negative . Positive , positive adjective usage frequency is higher than negative , negative adjective usage frequency ;
Second , the negative marker of Chinese is located before the comparison mark , and the non - adjective is compared with the result item . The reason is that the comparison function of the Chinese difference sentence is mainly borne by unmarked adjectives , and the adjective cannot bear the comparison function . Therefore , the negative word " does not " only deny the comparison mark , but can not deny the comparison result item . Thirdly , the difference is positive for the linear increment , and the comparison result item can be extended freely ;
A negative expression does not represent a linear increment , and the comparison result item cannot be extended freely . This is also common in language .

In the sixth chapter , the comparison of the difference between the sentence and the sentence , the comparison of the difference , the comparison of the difference , the semantic relation between the " whole - part " and the " whole - part " in different languages have different coding modes , which leads to a series of asymmetry in the sentence transformation . The study of typologies proves that the term comparison item has a " whole - part " sense , and provides a certain reference for the teaching of the foreign language .

Chapter 7 is the motivation for the difference between Chinese and L2 learners . The differences between native speakers and L2 learners show that the difficulty of learning Chinese is more difficult than that of Chinese adjective . This particularity has an influence on the order , negative mark position , comparative mark and so on .

Chapter 8 is negative in the negative form of " an amount of name " . First of all , it is pointed out that the differentiation of the meaning of " an amount " in a negative format is the main cause of the change of word order and the form asymmetry . The syntax expression of " one quantity name " is different from the syntactic structure and the meta structure , the logic significance is different , the focus structure and the information structure are different , and the emphasis mark " all / also " points to different ;
Semantic representation is the opposite of quantifying " individual " and quantifying " event " , virtual quantising sentence and reality behavior sentence .

Chapter 9 is the asymmetry in the front of the time quantity component . In the affirmative , the quantity component is on the right side of the verb , and the time quantity component in the negative formula is on the left side of the verb . The change of the syntactic position of the time quantity component is related to the characteristic of the verb .

Chapter X is the asymmetry of the imaginary word in the front of the time quantity component . In the past research , the insymmetry of the imaginary words in the time quantity component is regarded as subjective , and it is pointed out that the distinction between the false words in the positive type and the negative type of the imaginary word " all / also " is mainly influenced by the boundary character of the verb .

Chapter 11 is the deep dynamic cause of the asymmetry of the quantity component in the negative time . The left front shift of the time quantity component is influenced by the syntactic and deep factors , and is also supported by the historical corpus ;
On the other hand , the left front shift of the quantity component is related to the economy of the interlocking expression , and belongs to the result of pragmatic extrusion .

Chapter XII is a concluding language .

【學位授予單位】：上海師范大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：H146

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