水是具有多種用途的珍貴和必要的自然資源。確保水源和使用點水的安全,在世界上從公共供水中收集飲用水的地區(qū),這一點很重要。用于食品或衛(wèi)生的水需要優(yōu)良的理化性質(zhì)和微生物質(zhì)量。為了評估馬里塞古地區(qū)農(nóng)村社區(qū),特別是佩倫卡納公社農(nóng)村社區(qū)水源和用水點的水質(zhì)及其與健康的關(guān)系,對不同常用水源（包括地表水、淺井、挖井、鉆孔、手動泵、家用容器和水泥池）的采集水樣進(jìn)行了理化性質(zhì)和細(xì)菌學(xué)分析。為了跟蹤不同季節(jié)的參數(shù)變化,在旱季和雨季分別采集了樣品。這項研究還旨在評估消費者對水質(zhì)的看法,并確定與水質(zhì)惡化有關(guān)的因素,如水的儲存、家庭人口統(tǒng)計、衛(wèi)生和衛(wèi)生習(xí)慣。這些數(shù)據(jù)是通過衛(wèi)生調(diào)查、水質(zhì)測試、家庭調(diào)查、文件分析、重點小組討論和關(guān)鍵的信息提供者訪談收集的,目的是確定馬里農(nóng)村地區(qū)家庭安全、無障礙、可持續(xù)、成本效益高和可接受的供水模式。采用多管發(fā)酵技術(shù)測定飲用水微生物（總大腸菌群、糞大腸菌群、糞腸球菌和大腸桿菌計數(shù)）質(zhì)量。同時測定了飲用水的電導(dǎo)率、濁度、pH和TDS、TSS、硝酸鹽、亞硝酸鹽、磷酸鹽、氯化物、BOD5、Zn2+、F-、As、Hg、Cu、Cd、Pb、Mn、Cr、Fe 的含量。采用方差分析（ANOVA）和Dun... 

【文章來源】：東北林業(yè)大學(xué)黑龍江省 211工程院校 教育部直屬院校

【文章頁數(shù)】：164 頁

【學(xué)位級別】：博士

【文章目錄】：
Abstract
摘要
Chapter 1. Introduction
    1.1 Country Background
    1.2 Research Background
    1.3 Problem Statement and Justification
    1.4 Research objective
        1.4.1 General objective
        1.4.2 Specific objectives
    1.5 Outline of the thesis
Chapter 2. Literature Review
    2.1 Introduction
    2.2 Human perception on groundwater quality
    2.3 Drinking water quality
        2.3.1 Groundwater quality
            2.3.1.1 Bacteriological quality
            2.3.1.2 Physicochemical quality
        2.3.2 Concept of Sanitary Survey
        2.3.3 Water quality standards
    2.4 Water pollution
    2.5 Sources of pollution
        2.5.1 Domestic discharges
        2.5.2 Agricultural discharges
        2.5.3 Industrial discharges
        2.5.4 Environmental problems
        2.5.5 Urbanization
    2.6 Main pollutants
        2.6.1 Biological pollutants
            2.6.1.1 Bacterial pollution
            2.6.1.2 Viral pollution
            2.6.1.3 Parasitic pollution
                2.6.1.3.1 Helminths
                2.6.1.3.2 Protozoa
            2.6.1.4 Water algae
        2.6.2 Chemical pollutants
            2.6.2.1 Mineral chemical elements
            2.6.2.2 Heavy metals
        2.6.3 Toxic organic pollutants
            2.6.3.1 Pesticides
            2.6.3.2 Detergents
            2.6.3.3 Hydrocarbons
        2.6.4 Pathways for Contamination by behaviors related to water collection, and storage
    2.7 Impact Water on Health
        2.7.1 Wateibome diseases
            2.7.1.1 Bacterial diseases
                2.7.1.1.1 Cholera
                2.7.1.1.2 Typhoid fever
                2.7.1.1.3 Gastroenteritis
                2.7.1.1.4 Dysentery
            2.7.1.2 viral diseases
                2.7.1.2.1 Hepatitis A
                2.7.1.2.2 Poliomyelitis
            2.7.1.3 Parasitic diseases
        2.7.2 Risks related to the presence of chemicals in water
        2.7.3 Risks related to lack of water
        2.7.4 Water Risk Management
        2.7.5 Water risk assessment
            2.7.5.1 Chemical risk assessment
            2.7.5.2 Microbiological risk assessment
    2.8 Drinking water treatment
        2.8.1 Surface water tretatment
            2.8.1.1 Pretreatment
            2.8.1.2 Pre-oxidation
            2.8.1.3 Clarification
                2.8.1.3.1 Coagulation
                2.8.1.3.2 Flocculation
                2.8.1.3.3 Decantation
                2.8.1.3.4 Filtration
            2.8.1.4 Disinfection
            2.8.1.5 Refining
        2.8.2 Groundwater treatment
Chapter 3. Materials And Methods
    3.1 Description of the study area
    3.2 Ethics approval
    3.3 Research Design and Methods
    3.4 Fieldwork
        3.4.1 Making contact with the population
        3.4.2 Questionnaire Surveys
        3.4.3 Focus Group Discussions
        3.4.4 Key Informant Interviews
        3.4.5 Sanitary Inspections
    3.5 Preparation of survey tools
        3.5.1 Observation of the study perimeter and location of sources
        3.5.2 Household surveys of source users
    3.6 Sampling
        3.6.1 Choice of sites
        3.6.2 Water samples collection
            3.6.2.1 Sampling techniques
            3.6.2.2 Sample transport
    3.7 Analytical methods
        3.7.1 Physico-chemical analysis
            3.7.1.1 Temperature measurement
            3.7.1.2 Measurement of hydrogen potential （pH）
            3.7.1.3 Electrical conductivity （EC） measurement
            3.7.1.4 TDS determination
            3.7.1.5 Turbidity measurement
            3.7.1.6 Determination of chlorides
            3.7.1.7 Determination of nitrates and phosphates
2
-）">            3.7.1.8 Determination of nitrites （NO2
-）
            3.7.1.9 Determination of heavy metals
        3.7.2 Microbiological analyses of water samples
            3.7.2.1 Enumeration of Total Coliforms and Faecal Coliforms
            3.7.2.2 Enumeration of faecal enterococci
    3.8 Statistical analysis
Chapter 4. Assessment of The Microbiological Quality of Drinking Water In Light of WaterQuality, Sanitation And Hygiene Education Provision
    4.1 Introduction
    4.2 Results
        4.2.1 Sources and reason for frequenting, and Storage of drinking water
        4.2.2 Sanitation and Hygiene
        4.2.3 Indicator of bacterial enumeration per 100 ml water sample
        4.2.4 Prevalence of total coliform, fecal coliform and fecal enterococci
        4.2.5 Isolated bacteria
    4.3 Discussion
Chapter 5. An Assessment of Some Water Quality Properties From Different Sources
    5.1 Introduction
    5.2 Results and Discussion
        5.2.1 The drinking water sources and perception on water quality
        5.2.2 Physico-chemical parameters
        5.2.3 PCA profiles of correlation of different parameters
Chapter 6. Investigation of The Water Quality of Daily Used Surface Sources For Drinking AndIrrigation
    6.1 Introduction
    6.2 Materials and Methods
        6.2.1 Study area and sampling sites
    6.3 Results
        6.3.1 Sensory parameters
        6.3.2 Water quality assessment using different water parameters
    6.4 Discussion
        6.4.1 Correlation of physical parameters
        6.4.2 Correlation of chemical parameters
        6.4.3 Correlation of biological parameters
Chapter 7. Drinking Water Quality And Risk For Human Health
    7.1 Introduction
    7.2 Results
        7.2.1 Physical parameters
        7.2.2 Chemical parameters
        7.2.3 Heavy metals
        7.2.4 Bacterial contamination
        7.2.5 Health Survey Results
    7.3 Discussion
Chapter 8. General Conclusions And Recommendations
    8.1 Conclusions
        8.1.1 Water quality, availability and perceptions
        8.1.2 Sustainability of water sources with respect to drinking and domestic services
    8.2 Recommendations
    8.3 Future research needs
References
Appendix A: Water points observation Form
Appendix B: Onsite Sanitary Inspection Form
Appendix C: Questionnaire for Household Survey
Appendix D: Attitudes/knowledge towards waterborne diseases
Papers published during the doctoral study
Acknowledgements



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