【摘要】：國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力一詞的出現(xiàn)是世界經(jīng)濟(jì)格局變化與演進(jìn)的產(chǎn)物,是世界經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化進(jìn)程加速的重要體現(xiàn)。產(chǎn)業(yè)國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力是一個(gè)由國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力衍生而來(lái)的概念,從產(chǎn)業(yè)的投入與產(chǎn)出角度出發(fā),通過(guò)對(duì)某一國(guó)家的某一產(chǎn)業(yè)的國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力進(jìn)行比較與評(píng)價(jià),分析產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展規(guī)律,發(fā)現(xiàn)影響產(chǎn)業(yè)國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的主要因素,可以為提高產(chǎn)業(yè)國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力提供政策建議。中國(guó)作為世界第一人口大國(guó),食品加工業(yè)承擔(dān)著為國(guó)民提供安全、健康、營(yíng)養(yǎng)食品的重任,是保障國(guó)計(jì)民生和國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)正常運(yùn)行的基礎(chǔ)產(chǎn)業(yè),但中國(guó)食品加工業(yè)自主創(chuàng)新能力較弱、部分領(lǐng)域產(chǎn)能過(guò)剩、食品安全問(wèn)題突出。美國(guó)食品產(chǎn)品在西方發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家中具有較強(qiáng)的國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力,對(duì)世界食品加工業(yè)具有重要的影響,系統(tǒng)研究美國(guó)食品加工業(yè)國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力具有重要的理論和現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。本研究旨在回答以下3個(gè)理論和實(shí)踐問(wèn)題:(1)產(chǎn)業(yè)國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力形成的理論基礎(chǔ)是什么,如何對(duì)其進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)分析評(píng)價(jià)?(2)美國(guó)食品加工業(yè)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀及其國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力表現(xiàn)如何?(3)影響美國(guó)食品加工業(yè)國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力表現(xiàn)的因素包含哪些方面,有何影響?為了回答上述核心研究問(wèn)題,本研究主要從以下幾個(gè)方面進(jìn)行。首先,問(wèn)題提出部分:該部分在梳理現(xiàn)實(shí)背景與研究現(xiàn)狀的基礎(chǔ)上,提出主要研究?jī)?nèi)容以及研究路線(xiàn)等,主要集中在第1章中。其次,研究主體部分,該部分為本研究的核心,通過(guò)對(duì)產(chǎn)業(yè)國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力相關(guān)理論的分析形成本研究的理論框架與分析方法基礎(chǔ),進(jìn)而詳細(xì)分析美國(guó)食品加工業(yè)及其產(chǎn)業(yè)國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力表現(xiàn)形式、形成的基礎(chǔ)和條件、影響因素等,力求比較全面地展示美國(guó)食品加工業(yè)國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力及其背后的產(chǎn)業(yè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。最后一部分為論文的政策建議部分,總結(jié)美國(guó)食品加工業(yè)提升國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的主要經(jīng)驗(yàn),對(duì)中國(guó)食品加工業(yè)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行分析,提出提升中國(guó)食品加工業(yè)國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的相關(guān)政策建議。本文的主要研究?jī)?nèi)容、章節(jié)安排、研究結(jié)論和發(fā)現(xiàn)如下。第1章“緒論”部分主要交待研究背景、研究目的以及研究方法。食品加工業(yè)承擔(dān)著為國(guó)民提供安全、健康、營(yíng)養(yǎng)食品的重任,是保障國(guó)計(jì)民生和國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)正常運(yùn)行的基礎(chǔ)產(chǎn)業(yè)。近年來(lái),我國(guó)食品加工業(yè)加大了產(chǎn)品研發(fā)力度,積極進(jìn)行技術(shù)升級(jí),食品加工業(yè)取得了長(zhǎng)足發(fā)展,但也存在發(fā)展方式粗放、食品安全形勢(shì)不容樂(lè)觀等問(wèn)題。在對(duì)理論背景、現(xiàn)實(shí)背景的梳理與分析基礎(chǔ)上,交待本研究開(kāi)展的大背景。從提高中國(guó)食品加工業(yè)國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力這一現(xiàn)實(shí)問(wèn)題入手,以產(chǎn)業(yè)國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力研究范式為方法論基礎(chǔ),筆者通過(guò)對(duì)具有國(guó)際代表性的美國(guó)食品加工業(yè)國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力進(jìn)行研究,對(duì)提高中國(guó)食品加工業(yè)國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力具有重要的借鑒意義。第2章“產(chǎn)業(yè)國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力及相關(guān)理論分析”對(duì)產(chǎn)業(yè)國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力及相關(guān)理論分析進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)梳理、回顧,形成本研究的理論基礎(chǔ)。本章第一節(jié)對(duì)產(chǎn)業(yè)國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力概念進(jìn)行深入分析,從產(chǎn)業(yè)定義出發(fā),明晰產(chǎn)業(yè)范疇,并明確產(chǎn)業(yè)國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力就是一個(gè)國(guó)家某一產(chǎn)業(yè)在現(xiàn)有國(guó)際市場(chǎng)環(huán)境下,在國(guó)際以及國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)與制度安排下,通過(guò)對(duì)資源與要素的配置與轉(zhuǎn)換,持續(xù)滿(mǎn)足消費(fèi)者需求,并促使產(chǎn)業(yè)實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的能力。接下來(lái),本章對(duì)古典貿(mào)易理論、新古典貿(mào)易理論、新貿(mào)易理論等有關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的國(guó)際貿(mào)易理論進(jìn)行回顧與綜述,進(jìn)一步探索國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的形成來(lái)源與機(jī)制。在此基礎(chǔ)上,重點(diǎn)回顧波特教授的國(guó)家競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)理論,分析影響一國(guó)在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)上建立和保持國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)的變量主要包括生產(chǎn)要素、需求條件、相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)與支持產(chǎn)業(yè)及企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略、結(jié)構(gòu)和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)等四大要素,為后續(xù)分析美國(guó)食品加工業(yè)國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力提供理論依據(jù)。第3章“美國(guó)食品加工業(yè)及其國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力表現(xiàn)形式”主要考察美國(guó)食品加工業(yè)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀以及美國(guó)食品加工業(yè)國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力表現(xiàn)形式。具體來(lái)說(shuō),本章首先對(duì)食品加工業(yè)進(jìn)行界定,從美國(guó)食品加工業(yè)總體規(guī)模和內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)變動(dòng)、要素投入狀況、研發(fā)投入狀況以及內(nèi)外部市場(chǎng)需求狀況等方面分析美國(guó)食品加工業(yè)整體發(fā)展情況。在此基礎(chǔ)上,具體分析美國(guó)在全球食品加工業(yè)進(jìn)出口市場(chǎng)所占份額、食品加工業(yè)貿(mào)易順差以及大型食品加工跨國(guó)企業(yè)市場(chǎng)表現(xiàn)等國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的具體表現(xiàn)。第4章“美國(guó)食品加工業(yè)國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力形成基礎(chǔ)和條件”對(duì)美國(guó)食品加工業(yè)國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力形成的基礎(chǔ)條件進(jìn)行了分析。美國(guó)食品加工業(yè)在美國(guó)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)中占有重要地位,對(duì)美國(guó)失業(yè)率的降低貢獻(xiàn)顯著,并且對(duì)世界食品生產(chǎn)、食品質(zhì)量和食品貿(mào)易產(chǎn)生了重要影響。究其原因,這與美國(guó)整體經(jīng)濟(jì)和科技發(fā)展水平緊密相關(guān),同時(shí)美國(guó)食品加工業(yè)在國(guó)際上的較強(qiáng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力與自然條件、勞動(dòng)力素質(zhì)、生產(chǎn)技術(shù)等優(yōu)勢(shì)條件密不可分,或者說(shuō),這些條件一定程度上可以視作美國(guó)制造業(yè)國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力形成的基礎(chǔ)。本研究分別從美國(guó)的自然條件和自然資源、勞動(dòng)力素質(zhì)、科技發(fā)展水平以及工業(yè)生產(chǎn)集中化程度四個(gè)方面進(jìn)行剖析。第5章“美國(guó)食品加工業(yè)國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力影響因素分析”從美國(guó)食品加工業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)入手分析對(duì)其國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力產(chǎn)生影響的主要因素。美國(guó)食品加工業(yè)國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的形成與維持離不開(kāi)其賴(lài)以生存的產(chǎn)業(yè)生態(tài)環(huán)境。為了進(jìn)一步剖析美國(guó)食品加工業(yè)國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力影響因素,筆者以波特教授的“鉆石模型”為框架,系統(tǒng)分析了由人力資本要素、資本要素、技術(shù)要素等構(gòu)成的生產(chǎn)要素體系,由國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)以及國(guó)際市場(chǎng)構(gòu)成的市場(chǎng)需求,由物流運(yùn)輸業(yè)與包裝業(yè)等組成的相關(guān)支持產(chǎn)業(yè)以及政府制度安排與監(jiān)管等對(duì)美國(guó)食品加工業(yè)國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力產(chǎn)生的具體影響。第6章“美國(guó)食品加工業(yè)國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià)”從美國(guó)食品加工業(yè)對(duì)外貿(mào)易角度考察其國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力,采用顯示性比較優(yōu)勢(shì)指數(shù)(RCA)和貿(mào)易競(jìng)爭(zhēng)指數(shù)(TC)作為具體評(píng)測(cè)手段考察美國(guó)食品加工業(yè)國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力,同時(shí)對(duì)美國(guó)的RCA和TC指數(shù)與選定的一些發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家進(jìn)行比較,橫向分析美國(guó)食品加工業(yè)的國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。結(jié)果顯示在2000-2006年間,美國(guó)食品加工業(yè)出口處于顯示性比較劣勢(shì)地位,而在2007-2013年間,美國(guó)食品加工業(yè)出口表現(xiàn)為顯示性比較優(yōu)勢(shì)。美國(guó)食品加工業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力指數(shù)在2000-2005年間呈現(xiàn)下滑的趨勢(shì),由2000年的0.01降至2005年的-0.07,而后其競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力指數(shù)則出現(xiàn)了較為快速的提升,在2008年達(dá)到觀測(cè)期最大值0.1,美國(guó)食品加工業(yè)-0.07到0.1之間的振幅基本上可以視作美國(guó)食品加工業(yè)的進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易剛好平衡,美國(guó)在大量出口食品的同時(shí),也在大量地進(jìn)口食品。第7章“美國(guó)食品加工業(yè)國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力形成的經(jīng)驗(yàn)及其對(duì)我國(guó)的啟示”在總結(jié)美國(guó)食品加工業(yè)提升國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力主要經(jīng)驗(yàn)的基礎(chǔ)上,分析我國(guó)食品加工業(yè)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀并提出相關(guān)政策建議。通過(guò)強(qiáng)化食品安全監(jiān)管,提高技術(shù)創(chuàng)新水平,促進(jìn)相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展,提高企業(yè)效率,美國(guó)食品加工業(yè)國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力得到了提升。經(jīng)過(guò)60多年的發(fā)展,我國(guó)食品加工業(yè)雖然取得了很大成績(jī),但也面臨食品安全問(wèn)題頻發(fā)、產(chǎn)能過(guò)剩以及自主創(chuàng)新能力薄弱等問(wèn)題。針對(duì)我國(guó)食品加工業(yè)存在的不足,筆者分別從食品安全監(jiān)管、提高自主創(chuàng)新能力、產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈建設(shè)以及企業(yè)兼并重組等幾個(gè)方面提出了一些政策建議,以期為提高我國(guó)食品加工業(yè)國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力提供借鑒。
[Abstract]:The emergence of the term international competitiveness is the product of the change and evolution of the world economic pattern and an important embodiment of the acceleration of the process of world economic integration. Comparing and evaluating, analyzing the law of industrial development, finding out the main factors affecting the international competitiveness of industry can provide policy suggestions for improving the international competitiveness of industry. The US food products have strong international competitiveness in the western developed countries and have an important impact on the world food processing industry. Systematic research on the international competitiveness of the US food processing industry is of great significance. The purpose of this study is to answer the following three theoretical and practical questions: (1) What is the theoretical basis for the formation of international competitiveness of industry, and how to make a systematic analysis and evaluation of it? (2) What is the current situation of the development of food processing industry in the United States and its international competitiveness? (3) How does it affect the performance of international competitiveness of food processing industry in the United States? In order to answer the above-mentioned core research questions, this study mainly proceeds from the following aspects. First of all, this part puts forward the main research contents and research routes on the basis of combing the realistic background and research status quo, mainly concentrated in Chapter 1. Secondly, the main part of the study. This part is the core of this study. Through the analysis of the relevant theories of industrial international competitiveness, the theoretical framework and analytical method foundation of this study are formed, and then the manifestations of the international competitiveness of American food processing industry and its industry are analyzed in detail, the basis and conditions for its formation, the influencing factors and so on, in order to display the American food additions in a more comprehensive way. The last part is the policy suggestion part of the paper. It summarizes the main experience of American food processing industry in enhancing international competitiveness, analyzes the current situation of China's food processing industry, and puts forward relevant policy suggestions to enhance the international competitiveness of China's food processing industry. Chapter 1 "Introduction" mainly describes the research background, research purposes and research methods. Food processing industry undertakes the responsibility of providing safe, healthy and nutritious food for the people. It is the basic industry to ensure the national economy and the people's livelihood and the normal operation of the national economy. Industry has intensified product research and development, actively carried out technological upgrading, food processing industry has made considerable progress, but there are also extensive development methods, food safety situation is not optimistic and other issues. Starting with the realistic problem of competitiveness and based on the research paradigm of industrial international competitiveness as the methodology, the author studies the international competitiveness of the food processing industry in the United States, which is representative of the world, and it is of great significance to improve the international competitiveness of China's food processing industry. The first section of this chapter makes an in-depth analysis of the concept of industrial international competitiveness, starting from the definition of industry, clarifies the industrial category, and makes it clear that industrial international competitiveness is the existing international market environment of an industry in a country. Under the international and domestic market and institutional arrangements, through the allocation and transformation of resources and factors, to continue to meet consumer demand and promote the sustainable development of industries. Next, this chapter carries out the classical trade theory, neo-classical trade theory, new trade theory and other international competitiveness of industries. On the basis of reviewing and summarizing, this paper further explores the origin and mechanism of international competitiveness. Chapter 3 "American Food Processing Industry and Its Forms of International Competitiveness" mainly inspects the present situation of American food processing industry and the forms of international competitiveness of American food processing industry. This paper defines the food processing industry in the United States and analyzes the overall development of the food processing industry in the United States in terms of its overall scale and internal structural changes, factor input, R&D input and internal and external market demand. Chapter 4 "Foundations and Conditions for Forming International Competitiveness of American Food Processing Industry" analyzes the basic conditions for forming international competitiveness of American food processing industry. It plays an important role in reducing the unemployment rate of the United States and has a significant impact on world food production, food quality and food trade. The reason is that it is closely related to the overall economic and technological development level of the United States. At the same time, the strong competitiveness of the United States food processing industry in the world and the natural conditions, the quality of the labor force, and the livelihood. In this study, the natural conditions and natural resources, the quality of labor force, the level of scientific and Technological Development and the degree of concentration of industrial production in the United States were analyzed. Analysis of the Influencing Factors of the International Competitiveness of the Food Processing Industry in the United States Based on Professor Porter's Diamond Model, the author systematically analyzes the factors of production, including human capital, capital and technology, the market demand of domestic and international markets, the related supporting industries and government system composed of logistics, transportation and packaging industries. Chapter 6 "Performance Evaluation of International Competitiveness of American Food Processing Industry" examines the international competitiveness of American food processing industry from the perspective of foreign trade, using RCA and TC as specific evaluation tools. This paper examines the international competitiveness of the food processing industry in the United States and compares the RCA and TC indices of the United States with those of selected developed countries to analyze the international competitiveness of the food processing industry in the United States. The competitiveness index of the US food processing industry declined from 0.01 in 2000 to - 0.07 in 2005, and then its competitiveness index increased rapidly, reaching a maximum of 0.1 in 2008 and a vibration between - 0.07 and 0.1 in the US food processing industry. Chapter 7 "Experiences in the Formation of International Competitiveness of Food Processing Industry in the United States and Its Enlightenment to China" summarizes the main experience of improving international competitiveness of food processing industry in the United States. Based on the analysis of the current situation of China's food processing industry, this paper puts forward relevant policy recommendations. Through strengthening food safety supervision, improving the level of technological innovation, promoting the coordinated development of related industries and improving enterprise efficiency, the international competitiveness of the food processing industry in the United States has been enhanced. After more than 60 years of development, China's food processing industry has made great progress. In view of the shortcomings of China's food processing industry, the author puts forward some policy suggestions from the aspects of food safety supervision, improving the ability of independent innovation, industrial chain construction and merger and reorganization of enterprises in order to improve myself. The international competitiveness of China's food processing industry can be used for reference.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：F416.82

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