本文選題：造林補貼 + 自愿環(huán)境協(xié)議　； 參考：《西北農(nóng)林科技大學》2014年博士論文

【摘要】：從世界各國的林業(yè)實踐來看，補貼制度的實施有著重要的意義，降低林農(nóng)經(jīng)營風險、提高林農(nóng)投資水平、改善生態(tài)環(huán)境等，因此實施補貼成為各國政府常用的扶持林業(yè)的政策工具之一。鑒于國內(nèi)外關于林業(yè)補貼標準的研究，不僅涉及到區(qū)域的差別，如熱帶雨林區(qū)、溫帶林區(qū)及草原等，而且還涉及到不同立地類型的造林，如山地造林、丘陵造林、平原造林等，以及造林類型，如用材林、防護林、經(jīng)濟林、生態(tài)林等，所以即使這些研究采用相同的研究方法所得出的結(jié)論也各不相同，甚至有些結(jié)論存在明顯的矛盾與沖突。除此之外，已有的研究還有一個共性，就是沒有考慮到樹種的差異對造林補貼的影響。在實踐中，由于補貼標準制定不科學而導致了政策效率低且執(zhí)行成本高，最終影響林業(yè)生態(tài)工程的實施及其可持續(xù)發(fā)展，因此，研究合理的造林補貼標準，使其既符合政府追求的社會利益，也能兼顧林農(nóng)的經(jīng)濟利益，從而提高造林項目的效率、降低項目執(zhí)行成本，是一個非常值得研究的問題。在中國，多數(shù)的林業(yè)補償標準是由政府制定的，然后在補貼政策試點過程中，結(jié)合農(nóng)戶的訴求慢慢地調(diào)整補貼標準以優(yōu)化補貼政策，這樣就會大大降低補貼的效率，為了提高補貼的效率和效果，本研究引入自愿環(huán)境協(xié)議方法，在充分考慮受償者及政府意愿的前提下，確定合理可行的造林補貼標準。本研究的具體研究思路如下：從農(nóng)戶角度出發(fā)，政府給予的造林補貼標準要高于農(nóng)戶自己可以接受的底線（即通過機會成本法和受償意愿法權(quán)衡得出的造林補貼標準）；從政府角度出發(fā)，其愿意支付的造林補貼標準最高額度是造林所實現(xiàn)的生態(tài)效益價值；在充分考慮兩者補貼訴求的前提下，本研究構(gòu)建了基于自愿環(huán)境協(xié)議框架的政府—農(nóng)戶協(xié)商模型，來確定合理造林補貼標準，并以黃土高原地區(qū)典型區(qū)域為例展開實證研究。 基于此研究思路，本研究采用機會成本、受償者意愿、碳吸存效益內(nèi)部化、自愿環(huán)境協(xié)議等方法，以邊際農(nóng)地上造林為研究對象，展開對實現(xiàn)碳吸存效益的造林項目補貼標準的研究，以期建立一套行之有效的合理補貼標準的核算方法，為建立和優(yōu)化造林補貼政策提供理論支撐，同時也為森林生態(tài)效益補償研究建立新的研究框架。 首先，本研究分別利用機會成本和受償意愿方法，分析基于農(nóng)戶視角的造林補貼標準，以此作為自愿環(huán)境協(xié)議中林農(nóng)接受補貼的底限。對于農(nóng)戶進行農(nóng)地造林而言，農(nóng)戶會選擇造林的機會成本，是林農(nóng)選擇繼續(xù)農(nóng)地經(jīng)營、轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槟恋亟?jīng)營或者直接撂荒等幾種用途中收益最大用途所帶來的收益。所以，如果政府想激勵農(nóng)戶進行造林，其給予的補貼就必須保證農(nóng)戶選擇造林所是所有土地用途中收益最大的，通過該思路得到的應該是比較客觀的衡量林農(nóng)可以接受的最低補貼。為了從主觀上得到農(nóng)戶愿意接受的補貼標準，本研究還設計了農(nóng)戶受償意愿調(diào)查問卷，以便獲取農(nóng)戶主觀上能夠接受的最低補貼。最后，還對機會成本和受償意愿得到的結(jié)果進行了對比分析，因為考慮到受償意愿具有主觀性，且農(nóng)戶容易高估其受償意愿，這里基于農(nóng)戶視角的造林補貼標準以機會成本作為基準。通過實證分析，在私人輪伐期內(nèi)，如果期望農(nóng)戶參與造林項目，需要給予的補貼標準為2405元/公頃/年，為了使農(nóng)戶將私人輪伐期延長至社會最優(yōu)輪伐期，農(nóng)戶的造林補貼訴求凈現(xiàn)值為39226.16元。 其次，將森林的碳吸存效益價值化，分析基于政府視角的造林補貼標準，并以此標準作為自愿環(huán)境協(xié)議中，政府愿意支付補貼的最高限。借鑒國內(nèi)已有的研究成果，尤其是關于沙棘生長的相關信息，將沙棘林的固碳量進行價值化，得到實現(xiàn)碳吸存效益的最大化時的補貼標準凈現(xiàn)值為39591.40元（2174元/公頃/年，共計34年），即為政府愿意支付的最高補貼標準。 最后，基于林農(nóng)和政府視角的造林補貼標準，確定自愿環(huán)境協(xié)議下的最優(yōu)造林補貼標準。將當前環(huán)境管制方式中具有優(yōu)勢的自愿環(huán)境協(xié)議引入到造林補貼標準的確定中，這是本研究的一個創(chuàng)新點，這樣確定的造林補貼標準，充分體現(xiàn)了協(xié)議雙方的訴求及其意愿。在社會最優(yōu)輪伐期內(nèi)，測算得到農(nóng)戶在34年內(nèi)的補貼訴求凈現(xiàn)值為39226.16元，而政府的補貼凈現(xiàn)值為39591.40元，由于前者小于后者，因此關于造林補貼的自愿環(huán)境協(xié)議可達成。在信息透明的前提下，充分考慮林農(nóng)和政府的訴求，經(jīng)過雙方協(xié)商，最終將造林補貼補貼凈現(xiàn)值確定為雙方的平均值即39408.78元，而具體的補貼方案為，1-21年按照農(nóng)戶的需求給予補貼2405元/公頃/年，而從22年至34年繼續(xù)給予補貼1294元/公頃/年。按這樣的補貼標準和補貼年限，可以保證農(nóng)戶不僅在21年內(nèi)不采伐，甚至在21年至34年間仍然不采伐，最終可以保證造林項目政策目標的實現(xiàn)。該研究可以作為黃土高原地區(qū)種植沙棘，所實現(xiàn)碳吸存效益的造林補貼標準。 本研究將自愿環(huán)境協(xié)議納入造林項目中，為造林補貼標準的確定提供了新的思路，這是研究的理論價值。該研究思路不僅僅考慮了政府的支付額度，而且更顧及到了造林主體的補償訴求，由此確定的造林補貼標準更具有現(xiàn)實意義。但是不可忽視的是，盡管自愿環(huán)境協(xié)議具有自身無法超越的優(yōu)點，但是該方法也具有其自身的局限性。因此，，建議政府在進行造林政策時需要做好前期的宣傳教育工作，并且謹慎地對待造林補貼標準的確定，以保證造林實現(xiàn)碳吸存效益的生態(tài)目標。
[Abstract]:According to the practice of forestry in all countries of the world, the implementation of the subsidy system is of great significance, reducing the risk of forest farming, raising the investment level of the forest farmers and improving the ecological environment. Therefore, the implementation of subsidies has become one of the policy tools used by various governments to support forestry. In view of the research on the standard of forestry subsidies at home and abroad, it not only involves the area of the region. The differences in the region, such as the tropical rain forest area, temperate forest area and grassland, and the afforestation of different site types, such as mountain afforestation, hilly afforestation, plain afforestation, and afforestation types, such as timber forests, forest shelterbelts, economic forests, ecological forests, etc., have different conclusions from the same research methods. Even some conclusions have obvious contradictions and conflicts. In addition, there is a commonality in the existing research, that is, the effect of tree species differences on afforestation subsidies is not taken into account. In practice, the policy efficiency is low and the cost of execution is high due to the unscientific formulation of the subsidy standards, which ultimately affects the implementation of the forestry ecological engineering and its feasibility. Therefore, it is a very worthwhile problem to study the reasonable afforestation subsidy standard so that it can not only accord with the social interests pursued by the government, but also take into account the economic interests of the forest farmers, thus improving the efficiency of the afforestation project and reducing the cost of the project execution. In order to improve the efficiency of the subsidy, in order to improve the efficiency and effect of the subsidy, the voluntary environmental agreement method is introduced in this study to determine the reasonable and feasible afforestation subsidy in order to improve the efficiency and effect of the subsidy. The specific research ideas of this study are as follows: from the point of view of farmers, the standard of afforestation subsidies given by the government is higher than that of the farmer's own acceptable bottom line (that is, the afforestation subsidy standard by the opportunity cost method and the paid will law); from the point of view of the government, the highest standard of afforestation allowance is to be made by the government. The ecological benefit value of the forest is realized. Under the premise of considering the demand of the two subsidies fully, this study constructs a government peasant household negotiation model based on the framework of voluntary environmental agreement to determine the standard of reasonable afforestation subsidy, and takes the typical region of the Loess Plateau as an example to carry out an empirical study.
Based on this research idea, this research adopts the method of opportunity cost, the will of the paid person, the internalization of carbon storage efficiency and the voluntary environmental agreement. The research on the subsidy standard of afforestation project for the benefit of carbon sequestration is carried out by the research on the afforestation of marginal farmland, in order to establish a set of effective and reasonable standard of subsidy for construction. It provides theoretical support for establishing and optimizing afforestation subsidy policy, and establishes a new research framework for forest ecological compensation research.
First of all, this study uses the opportunity cost and the method of willingness to pay to analyze the afforestation subsidy standard based on the farmer's perspective, which is the limit of the subsidy for the farmers in the voluntary environmental agreement. For the farm land afforestation, the farmers choose the opportunity cost of afforestation. It is the farmers who choose to continue the farming land management and change into land management. If the government wants to encourage farmers to make afforestation, the subsidies given by the government must ensure that the farmers choose to choose afforestation is the most profitable in all land uses. In order to obtain the subsidy standards that farmers are willing to accept subjectively, this study also designed a questionnaire for farmers' willingness to receive compensation in order to obtain farmers' subjective acceptable minimum subsidies. Finally, the results of the opportunity cost and the willingness to be paid were compared, because the willingness of the farmers was subjective and the farmers were concerned. It is easy to overestimate the willingness to be paid, and the afforestation subsidy standard based on the farmer's perspective is based on the opportunity cost. Through the empirical analysis, the subsidy standard is 2405 yuan per hectare per hectare per year if the farmers are expected to participate in the afforestation project during the private rotation period, so that farmers will extend the period of private rotation to the optimal period of social rotation. The net present value of afforestation subsidy is 39226.16 yuan.
Secondly, the value of forest carbon sequestration benefit is valued, and the standard of afforestation subsidy based on government perspective is analyzed. As a voluntary environmental agreement, the government is willing to pay the highest limit of the subsidy. The maximum net present value of subsidy standard is 39591.40 yuan (2174 yuan / HA / year, 34 years), which is the highest subsidy standard that the government is willing to pay.
Finally, based on the afforestation subsidy standards of the forest farm and the government, the optimal afforestation subsidy standard under the voluntary environmental agreement is determined. The voluntary environmental agreement with the advantage in the current environmental control mode is introduced to the determination of the afforestation subsidy standard. This is an innovation point of this study, which is fully reflected in the standard of afforestation subsidy. In the period of social optimal rotation, the net present value of subsidies for farmers in 34 years is estimated to be 39226.16 yuan, while the net present value of the government's subsidy is 39591.40 yuan, because the former is less than the latter, so the voluntary environmental agreement on afforestation subsidies can be reached. Under the premise of transparency of information, the forest farmers are fully considered. Through consultation with the government, the net present value of afforestation subsidy subsidy is determined as the average value of 39408.78 yuan, while the specific subsidy scheme is to grant subsidies of 2405 yuan per hectare per hectare per year in accordance with the needs of farmers in 1-21 years and subsidies of 1294 yuan / HA / year from 22 to 34 years, according to such subsidies and subsidy years, It can be guaranteed that farmers not only do not cut down in 21 years, even from 21 to 34 years, but still can ensure the realization of the policy goal of afforestation project. This study can be used as the afforestation subsidy standard for planting seabuckthorn in the Loess Plateau and achieving the benefit of carbon storage.
This research provides a new idea for the establishment of afforestation subsidy standards, which is the theoretical value of the study. This research thought not only takes into account the amount of government payment, but also takes into account the compensation demands of the afforestation subject, and the afforestation subsidy standard is more practical. It is not to be ignored that, although the voluntary environmental agreement has its own advantages that can not be transcended, the method also has its own limitations. Therefore, it is suggested that the government should do a good job of prophase propaganda and education in the policy of afforestation, and cautiously treat the standard of afforestation subsidy to ensure the growth of afforestation to achieve carbon sequestration. State target.
【學位授予單位】：西北農(nóng)林科技大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：F326.12;F812.8

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