【摘要】：至遲在公元前3000年左右,中國人已經開始燒制石灰。隨著人類活動的不斷擴大,單一的石灰已不能滿足人們的生活要求,在石灰中加入粘土和細沙,按一定比例混合并分層夯實,便組成了更具有強度和耐久性的三合土。在石灰和三合土中加入蛋清、血料、紅糖、糯米、桐油等有機物,創(chuàng)造出了有機-無機復合灰漿,這是中國建筑材料史上的一大創(chuàng)新,也是經過千百年時間檢驗的一項偉大成就。本研究是國家科技支撐計劃項目“古代建筑基本材料(磚、瓦、灰)科學化研究”課題、國家文物局“指南針計劃”專項項目“中國古代建筑灰漿及制作技術科學評價研究”課題、以及國家文物局區(qū)域創(chuàng)新聯(lián)盟課題“文物微量有機物分析檢測技術研究及實驗室建設”的重要內容,將通過對灰漿中有機物的生物礦化作用機理探討、灰漿中有機物的檢測方法綜述及實驗方案摸索等手段,嘗試使用生物酶學方法解決土或三合土中有機物分析的問題,為古建筑灰漿保護和修復做出一定貢獻。蛋白質、糖類、脂類等有機物使得灰漿無機成分碳酸鈣的性能提升的部分原因,可以歸結為生物礦化作用。在碳酸鈣中加入有機物可以降低晶體成核活化能,使晶體類型從方解石向硬度和強度性能更加優(yōu)越的文石和球霰石轉變,從而提高灰漿的整體性能。有機基質是晶體成核和生長的框架或結構模板,還在晶體的成核、定向、生長、形態(tài)控制等方面起調控作用。目前對于有機物的檢測方法除常規(guī)的化學法、紅外光譜法、色譜法、質譜法、氣質聯(lián)用法等,還有新興的生物學方法,如檢測血液使用的免疫學方法、檢測蛋清使用的酶聯(lián)免疫吸附法、檢測蔗糖和淀粉使用的酶學方法等。這些方法在之前多用于食品、生物和醫(yī)學方面,而鮮有用于建筑灰漿檢測領域,因此這些方法十分值得我們借鑒并且引入到灰漿分析體系當中。本研究進行了灰漿中有機物的化學法檢測,介紹模擬灰漿制備過程,化學法檢測蛋白質、血、糖、淀粉和桐油的方法及步驟,并對模擬灰漿和古代灰漿樣品進行檢測；進行了灰漿中蛋清、紅糖和糯米的傅里葉轉換紅外線光譜法檢測,介紹FTIR法檢測有機物的原理及步驟,并對模擬蛋清、紅糖和糯米灰漿進行檢測；進行了灰漿中蛋清的酶聯(lián)免疫吸附法檢測,介紹ELISA法檢測蛋清的原理及步驟,并對模擬蛋清灰漿和疑似含有蛋清的古代灰漿樣品進行檢測；進行了灰漿中蔗糖的酶學方法檢測,介紹酶學方法檢測蔗糖的原理、步驟,并對模擬紅糖灰漿和疑似含有紅糖的古代灰漿樣品進行檢測；進行了灰漿中淀粉的酶學方法檢測,介紹酶學方法檢測淀粉的原理、步驟,并對模擬糯米灰漿和疑似含有糯米的古代灰漿樣品進行檢測；本研究綜述了灰漿中有機物的生物礦化作用機理和灰漿中有機物的檢測方法,對實驗室制作的模擬灰漿及古代灰漿樣品進行了化學法檢測和紅外法檢測,而后又進一步針對無機基底為土或三合土的灰漿中蛋清、蔗糖、糯米成分難以檢出的問題,采用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附法檢測蛋清、酶學方法檢測蔗糖和糯米,試圖解決上述問題,并得到了較滿意的結果。
[Abstract]:The Chinese people have started to burn the lime at about 3000 BC. With the continuous expansion of human activities, the single lime can not meet the demands of people's life. The lime and the fine sand are added to the lime and compacted in a certain proportion and stratified, thus making up the more strength and durability of the three pluses. In lime and in the three pluses. Adding organic compounds, such as egg white, blood, red sugar, glutinous rice and tung oil, created organic and inorganic compound grout. This is a great innovation in the history of Chinese architectural materials and a great achievement tested for thousands of years. This research is the scientific research topic of the national science and technology support program "the basic materials of ancient buildings (brick, tile and ash)". The special project of the National Bureau of cultural relics, "the research on the scientific evaluation of Chinese ancient mortar and production technology", and the important content of the "Research on the analysis and detection of trace organic matter and the laboratory construction of the trace organic matter of cultural relics", and the biological mineralization of the organic matter in the mortar. The mechanism discussion, the survey method of organic matter in the mortar and the experiment scheme, try to use the bioenzyme method to solve the problem of the analysis of the organic matter in the soil or the soil, and make some contribution to the protection and repair of the old building. Some of the reasons can be attributed to the biological mineralization. The addition of organic compounds in calcium carbonate can reduce the nucleation activation energy of the crystal and change the crystal type from calcite to the superior hardness and strength of the aragonite and the aragonite, thus improving the overall performance of the mortar. The organic base is the frame or structure template for the nucleation and growth of the crystal. It also plays a regulatory role in the nucleation, orientation, growth, and morphological control of the crystals. At present, the detection methods for organic matter are in addition to conventional chemical methods, infrared spectroscopy, chromatography, mass spectrometry, GC-MS, etc., as well as new biological methods, such as immunological methods for detecting the use of blood, and detection of enzyme linked immunosorbent use in egg white. Methods, the enzymatic methods used to detect the use of sucrose and starch, and so on. These methods have been used in the field of food, biology and medicine, and are rarely used in the field of mortar testing. Therefore, these methods are worthy of reference and introduced into the system of mortar analysis. The methods and steps of chemical detection of protein, blood, sugar, starch and tung oil were made by chemical method. The simulated gray and ancient mortar samples were detected. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of egg white, red sugar and glutinous rice in the mortar was tested by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The principles and steps of FTIR method for detecting organic matter were introduced. The enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was carried out to detect the egg white in the mortar. The principle and steps of the ELISA method for the detection of egg white were introduced, and the samples of the simulated egg white and suspected egg white were detected. The enzymatic method of sucrose in the mortar was tested and the principle of the enzymatic method for the detection of sucrose was introduced. Suddenly, the samples of the simulated red sugar grout and suspected red sugar were tested, the enzymatic method of starch in the mortar was tested, the principle and the steps of the enzymatic method for detecting starch were introduced, and the samples of the simulated waxy rice mortar and the suspected samples containing the glutinous rice were examined. The organic matter in the ash was reviewed in this study. The mechanism of biomineralization and the detection of organic matter in the pulp were detected by chemical method and infrared method for the simulated grey pulp and ancient mortar samples made in the laboratory, and then further aimed at the problem that the inorganic base is the soil or the soil of the soil or the soil of Naka Meshi, sucrose and glutinous rice, the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was used. Detection of egg white, enzymatic method to detect sucrose and glutinous rice, trying to solve the above problems, and achieved satisfactory results.
【學位授予單位】：浙江大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：TU52

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1 張坤;含土灰漿中有機物的生物酶學檢測方法[D];浙江大學;2014年

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本文編號：2162089