本文關(guān)鍵詞：基于群集風(fēng)險(xiǎn)理論的體育建筑看臺安全設(shè)計(jì)研究　出處：《哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)》2014年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 安全 體育建筑 群集風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 看臺 疏散設(shè)計(jì) 規(guī)范修訂

【摘要】：隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展和社會的進(jìn)步,大型體育建筑作為經(jīng)濟(jì)文化的主要載體,承擔(dān)著越來越多的體育賽事、娛樂活動和集會事件,這些活動都伴隨著大量的人群聚集現(xiàn)象。20世紀(jì)以來,大型體育建筑內(nèi)的人群事故頻繁發(fā)生,高密集人群的安全問題引起了人們的高度重視,而體育建筑看臺區(qū)域是賽時大量觀眾聚集的主要區(qū)域,是人群聚集風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的高發(fā)地帶,而且一旦發(fā)生人群擁擠踩踏事故,后果極為嚴(yán)重,甚至伴隨著緊急疏散過程中次生災(zāi)害的發(fā)生。已有研究表明,建筑空間環(huán)境和設(shè)施的安全設(shè)計(jì)對聚集人群在緊急情況下的心理和行為模式影響較大。但是,目前尚缺乏從人群行為這一視角進(jìn)行建筑環(huán)境安全設(shè)計(jì)的系統(tǒng)研究。本文將群集風(fēng)險(xiǎn)理論引入到體育建筑看臺的人群安全設(shè)計(jì)。首先統(tǒng)計(jì)分析發(fā)生在大型體育建筑內(nèi)典型的人群事故案例,從宏觀上對事故的發(fā)生機(jī)理進(jìn)行了梳理,包括事故發(fā)生的類型、特征、原因和發(fā)展階段分析;以事故的發(fā)展過程為脈絡(luò),引入群集風(fēng)險(xiǎn)理論,旨在從微觀上探討聚集人群在正常和恐慌兩種情況下的心理和行為規(guī)律,重點(diǎn)探討建筑空間環(huán)境對人群心理和行為的影響;將這一理論應(yīng)用在看臺區(qū)域,分析了看臺區(qū)域觀眾人群的構(gòu)成、觀眾人群的觀看目的和動機(jī),總結(jié)出看臺各重點(diǎn)區(qū)域可能出現(xiàn)的人群聚集風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。從整體上來說,看臺的安全設(shè)計(jì)綜合要素包括安全分區(qū)和安全容量、看臺功能、看臺分隔和疏散組織,并在看臺結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)要素中,重點(diǎn)討論了看臺人群動態(tài)荷載的重要性。從局部來看,看臺瓶頸區(qū)域的人群滯留問題、群集狀態(tài)下看臺欄桿的安全設(shè)計(jì)以及看臺的視線設(shè)計(jì)、觀眾席設(shè)計(jì)、臨時看臺等細(xì)節(jié)問題也是看臺人群安全設(shè)計(jì)的重要內(nèi)容。緊急情況下的恐慌心理會導(dǎo)致人群的不適應(yīng)行為,極易在建筑瓶頸區(qū)的疏散過程中出現(xiàn)拱形堵塞現(xiàn)象。這種現(xiàn)象是大量人群聚集場所需要關(guān)注的重點(diǎn)問題�；谌杭瘎恿W(xué)的理論方法,分析了疏散過程中拱形堵塞的形成機(jī)理及其影響因素;用人群密度、人群速度、人流通過率三個物理量構(gòu)建出不同時段,在建筑瓶頸區(qū)的動態(tài)人群疏散模型,可計(jì)算出滯留人數(shù)和疏散時間;將STEPS軟件計(jì)算的結(jié)果與本模型進(jìn)行了比較,證明了本模型的有效性;又通過一實(shí)例得出了建筑瓶頸區(qū)域的安全出口寬度的閾值。計(jì)算結(jié)果表明,當(dāng)人群處于恐慌狀態(tài)時,出口的安全寬度和危險(xiǎn)寬度之間僅一步之遙,細(xì)微的建筑環(huán)境的變化可以對人群行為產(chǎn)生巨大的影響。此滯留模型應(yīng)用簡便,使用的參數(shù)易于獲取,可用來指導(dǎo)建筑的性能化設(shè)計(jì),還適用于疏散路徑的選擇和優(yōu)化。對疏散安全出口的設(shè)置進(jìn)行了探討,不均勻的出口位置會對疏散效率產(chǎn)生影響,具體闡述了解決這一問題的最優(yōu)化策略。通過調(diào)研國內(nèi)外關(guān)于欄桿設(shè)計(jì)的規(guī)范,比較分析了二者的不同,總結(jié)了我國與欄桿有關(guān)的規(guī)范要求的不足之處;從人群疏散的角度對欄桿進(jìn)行了分類,針對不同的欄桿類型提出了相對應(yīng)的研究重點(diǎn);為了得出人群密度、人群傾斜角度和欄桿高度的定量關(guān)系,對已有的人群傾斜模型進(jìn)行了修正,使之更加符合真實(shí)情況;通過實(shí)驗(yàn)方法得出了人體能承受的安全壓力的大小,為欄桿的水平設(shè)計(jì)荷載值的選取提供了理論依據(jù)。看臺的視線設(shè)計(jì)方面重點(diǎn)闡述了視線受阻可能引起的安全問題,論證了首排欄桿對視線的遮擋問題,并給出了優(yōu)化策略。在觀眾席設(shè)計(jì)方面對比了國內(nèi)外相關(guān)規(guī)范,提出了我國規(guī)范存在的一些問題。最后,基于以上研究,對比國際建筑規(guī)范中有關(guān)體育建筑看臺的安全設(shè)計(jì)原則,整合研究成果,對于看臺的分區(qū)、安全容量、觀眾座席區(qū)域、最短疏散距離、通道出口寬度等方面給出了切實(shí)可行的增補(bǔ)建議;從各類欄桿的位置、高度、水平設(shè)計(jì)荷載、構(gòu)造要求等方面給出了規(guī)范建議,為完善我國體育建筑的相關(guān)規(guī)范打下了理論基礎(chǔ)。
[Abstract]:With the development of economy and social progress, the large sports buildings as the main carrier of economy and culture, plays a more and more sports, entertainment and rally events, these activities are accompanied by a large crowd gathered phenomenon in the.20 century, large sports buildings in the crowd accidents occur frequently, the security problem caused by the high crowded the attention of the people, and stand area sports building is a major regional tournament gathered a large audience, a crowd of high risk areas, and in the event of a crowd stampede, extremely serious consequences, even with the emergency evacuation of secondary disasters occur in the process. Studies have shown that the design of architectural space and environment safety the facility has great influence on the psychology and behavior mode in case of an emergency gathering crowd. However, there is still a lack of from the visual angle of crowd behavior The system of building environment safety design. In this paper the cluster risk theory is introduced into the design of sports building stands crowd safety. Firstly, statistical analysis of typical accident cases occurred in the crowd in the major sports in the building, from the macro mechanism of the accident are summarized, including the type, the accident characteristics, analysis of the causes and development stage; in the context of the development process of the accident, the cluster risk theory, aims to explore the psychology and behavior of the panic in normal and two cases gathered from the micro level, focusing on building space environment impact on people's psychology and behavior; this theory is applied in the stand area, analysis of the composition of the stand area audience the audience, viewing the purpose and motivation, summed up the key regional stands may appear in the crowd risk. On the whole, the safety design of the stands Combined elements include security partition and security capacity, stand function, stand separation and evacuation, and stand structure design elements, focuses on the importance of the crowd dynamic load. From the local perspective, the regional population bottleneck stands retention problem, cluster state stands railings safety design and the design of the audience stand the sight. Design, temporary stands and other details are important contents of crowd safety design. Maladaptive behavior psychological panic in emergency situations will lead to population, arch plug phenomenon easily in the construction area of the bottleneck in the process of evacuation. This phenomenon is a key problem for a large number of people gathering places in need of attention. Theory and method of cluster based on dynamics and analyzes the mechanism and influence factors of arch clogging formation in the process of evacuation; with the population density, population rate, rate of flow through the three physical quantities Built in different periods, people in the building dynamic model of evacuation bottleneck area, can calculate the number of remaining and the evacuation time; STEPS software calculation results with the model were compared to show the validity of the model by an example; and the construction bottleneck area exit width threshold. The calculation results show that when the crowd, in a state of panic, the width and the width between the security risk of the export of only one step away, subtle changes in the environment can have a great effect on the crowd behavior. This model of detention is simple in application, using the parameters can be easily obtained, can be used to guide the construction of the performance design, is also suitable for selection and optimization the evacuation path of evacuation safety. Exports were discussed, the uneven export position will affect the evacuation efficiency, expounds the optimal strategy to solve this problem. The research on standard railing design at home and abroad, compares the difference between the two, summed up the inadequacies of standard of our country and rail related requirements; the classification of rail from the evacuation point, according to the different types of bars and puts forward the research emphases correspondingly; in order to get the quantitative relationship between population density, population the tilt angle and the height of the railing, the existing population tilt model was modified to make it more in line with the real situation; through the experiment method that the safety pressure of the human body can withstand the size of bars level design load value provides a theoretical basis for the selection of the line of sight. Stand design focuses on the blocked security issues may be caused by the occlusion problem demonstrates the first row of the railing on the line of sight, and gives the optimization strategy. In the audience design compared the relevant norms at home and abroad, put forward Some problems existing in our specification. Finally, based on the above research, the safety design principle about sports building stands compared with the international building codes, the integration of research results, for the stands of the partition, security capacity, the audience seating area, the shortest evacuation distance, exit width etc. gives practical suggestions from the height of supplement; all kinds of rail position, the level of design load and structural requirements are proposed to improve the relevant norms, norms of China's sports architecture has laid a theoretical basis.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：TU245

【參考文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前9條

1 冉麗君;劉茂;;人群密度對人群擁擠事故的影響[J];安全與環(huán)境學(xué)報(bào);2007年04期

2 張海軍;陽建勝;;我國甲級足球聯(lián)賽市場觀眾特征的調(diào)查研究[J];湖南第一師范學(xué)報(bào);2006年01期

3 ;體育館的平面形式和看臺剖面設(shè)計(jì)的探討[J];建筑學(xué)報(bào);1961年04期

4 舒能貴;羅明鳳;陳順妹;;CBA聯(lián)賽觀眾消費(fèi)行為調(diào)查與分析[J];商場現(xiàn)代化;2007年36期

5 陸君安,方正,盧兆明,趙春梅;建筑物人員疏散逃生速度的數(shù)學(xué)模型[J];武漢大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(工學(xué)版);2002年02期

6 鄭偉;宋立巍;劉博;;某大型體育場館消防安全性能化評估[J];消防科學(xué)與技術(shù);2009年03期

7 張培紅,陳寶智,劉麗珍;大型公共建筑物火災(zāi)時人員疏散行為規(guī)律研究[J];中國安全科學(xué)學(xué)報(bào);2001年02期

8 ;關(guān)于加強(qiáng)大型公共建筑工程建設(shè)管理的若干意見[J];中國建設(shè)信息;2007年03期

9 張文英;安慶新;;體育場館安全疏散設(shè)計(jì)的幾個問題[J];消防技術(shù)與產(chǎn)品信息;2012年07期

相關(guān)博士學(xué)位論文 前3條

1 寇麗平;人員密集場所風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估理論與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化方法研究[D];中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)（北京）;2008年

2 王振;城市公共場所人群聚集風(fēng)險(xiǎn)理論及應(yīng)用研究[D];南開大學(xué);2007年

3 張茵;奧運(yùn)會現(xiàn)場觀眾服務(wù)營銷策略的研究[D];北京體育大學(xué);2007年

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 董曉凈;基于網(wǎng)絡(luò)排隊(duì)模型與控制體模型的地鐵車站乘客應(yīng)急疏散能力瓶頸識別方法[D];北京交通大學(xué);2012年

，

本文編號：1405061