滴灌方式和水氮處理對釀酒葡萄幼苗生理特性和根系形態(tài)的影響
發(fā)布時間：2018-07-14 07:46
【摘要】：水是制約我國干旱和半干旱地區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵因素,發(fā)展節(jié)水農(nóng)業(yè)是我國農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化的必由之路。新疆地區(qū)是我國重要的特色林果產(chǎn)業(yè)基地,在林果業(yè)推廣節(jié)水灌溉技術(shù),研制和探索出適合我國林果業(yè)生產(chǎn)實際需求的節(jié)水技術(shù)和灌溉模式對于新疆地區(qū)乃至我國干旱、半干旱地區(qū)林果業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展均具有重要的理論價值和實踐意義。膜下滴灌和地下滴灌是林果業(yè)最有推廣前景的兩項節(jié)水技術(shù),本文以滴灌技術(shù)在果樹上的應(yīng)用為切入點,以釀酒葡萄主栽品種赤霞珠(Vitis vinifera L.'Cabernet Sauvignon')為研究試材,從膜下滴灌條件下不同水氮施用時間、地下滴灌系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(地下穴貯滴灌系統(tǒng),自主設(shè)計)、滴灌方式和不同滴灌方式條件下根區(qū)交替灌溉對葡萄幼苗生理特性和根系形態(tài)的影響方面入手,通過近四年的思考和研究期望探索出適合我國林果業(yè)發(fā)展的滴灌節(jié)水技術(shù)和灌溉模式。主要研究內(nèi)容和結(jié)果如下： 1.研究了膜下滴灌條件下不同水氮處理對赤霞珠葡萄幼苗氮素利用、根系形態(tài)和根系生理活性和氮代謝關(guān)鍵酶的影響,結(jié)果表明：適宜的水分處理(田間持水量60%-90%)和三次施氮可以提高植株根系的總氮、銨態(tài)氮、硝態(tài)氮含量,保持生長后期釀酒葡萄幼苗根系硝酸還原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)關(guān)鍵酶的活性,提高氮素利用率；在對植株根系的研究中表明適宜的水分處理(田間持水量60%-90%)和三次施氮可以提高根系有效根表面積和體積,增加根尖數(shù),促進根系發(fā)育和更新,保持生長后期根系抗氧化保護酶系(SOD、POD與CAT)活性在較高水平,延緩植株根系衰老。 2.研究了膜下滴灌條件下不同水氮處理對赤霞珠葡萄幼苗葉片生理特性的影響,結(jié)果表明：適宜的水分處理(田間持水量60%-90%和)三次施氮可以提高植株葉片生長后期釀酒葡萄幼苗葉片NR、GS關(guān)鍵酶的活性,使生長后期葉片SOD、POD、CAT保護酶活性在較高水平,延緩地上部衰老；在對植株葉片光合性能的研究中表明適宜的水分處理(田間持水量60%-90%)和三次施氮可以提高植株生長后期的葉綠素含量,葉片凈光合速率(Pn)、氣孔導度(Gs)、光化學猝滅系數(shù)(qp)和實際光化學效率(ΦPSⅡ)亦保持在較高水平。 3.研制出擁有自主知識產(chǎn)權(quán)的防堵塞地下滴灌系統(tǒng)和地下穴貯滴灌系統(tǒng),通過對地下穴貯滴灌系統(tǒng)灌水均勻度的田間試驗結(jié)果表明：自主設(shè)計的地下穴貯滴灌系統(tǒng)較目前國內(nèi)外應(yīng)用的地下滲灌系統(tǒng)相比具有成本低、對水質(zhì)要求不高、耐堵塞的優(yōu)勢,符合我國干旱半干旱地區(qū)林果業(yè)生產(chǎn)的實際情況和需求,具有一定應(yīng)用推廣價值。在本田間試驗條件下,一次灌水量201.9m3/hm2、穴貯容器間距為0.25m或0.5m、灌水壓強高于15kPa時,地下穴貯滴灌系統(tǒng)灌水均勻度大于85%,符合中國農(nóng)田水利標準規(guī)定的標準。 4.研究了管栽條件下膜下滴灌、地下穴貯滴灌(自主設(shè)計)和地表滴灌3種滴灌方式對赤霞珠葡萄幼苗植株發(fā)育、根系形態(tài)和生理特性的影響。研究結(jié)果表明SDI(地下穴貯滴灌)、MDI(膜下滴灌)較DI(地表滴灌)均能顯著促進葡萄幼苗的生長,其中SDI主要促進地下部的生長,MDI主要促進地上部的生長,且SDI處理植株根冠比顯著高于MDI。SDI處理可以誘導根系分根垂直根系增多,而MDI分根類型多為水平延伸根系,土柱試驗結(jié)果表明20-60cm土層深度SDI處理的根表面積指數(shù)(RAI)、根體積密度(RVD)均高于MDI和DI,表明SDI處理明顯提高了土層深度20cm以下根系的營養(yǎng)吸收能力和吸收范圍,促進根系下扎。本試驗設(shè)計的SDI處理較MDI和DI,能使根系獲得比較適宜的水分供給環(huán)境,維持深層根系活力和保護酶活性在一個較高的水平,減輕與延緩膜脂過氧化進程。 5.研究了膜下滴灌(MDI)、地下穴貯滴灌(SDI,自主設(shè)計)和地表滴灌(DI)三種滴灌方式對管栽赤霞珠葡萄幼苗株高、節(jié)間平均長度、同一灌水周期內(nèi)葉片光合和熒光性能的影響。研究結(jié)果表明在整個生長期內(nèi),SDI處理在處理早期能對外界環(huán)境產(chǎn)生適應(yīng)性調(diào)整,起到“蹲苗”的作用,同一灌水周期后期SDI與MDI處理的光合和熒光特性高于DI處理。 6.研究了袋控小區(qū)試驗條件下SDI-DI、SDI-SDI、DI-SDI和DI-DI四種根區(qū)交替滴灌模式對赤霞珠葡萄幼苗根系分布、不同根區(qū)根系垂直方向生理特性和同一灌水周期內(nèi)根系活性的影響,研究結(jié)果表明DI-SDI與SDI-DI處理能促進根系在水平和垂直方向上的均衡分布,使根系在整個生長空間內(nèi)分布的更加合理,SDI-SDI較DI-DI處理能有效促進根系下扎。對根系生理特性的研究結(jié)果表明在灌水側(cè)為右側(cè)時DI-SDI與SDI-SDI能使根系活力在灌水側(cè)保持較高水平,SDI-SDI與SDI-DI使根系活力在未灌水側(cè)保持較高水平。在同一灌水周期內(nèi)灌水側(cè)為右側(cè)時,DI-DI與SDI-DI處理右側(cè)根系較SDI-SDI、DI-SDI更早的感受到干旱脅迫,在未灌水一側(cè)(左側(cè)),DI-DI與DI-SDI處理左側(cè)根系較SDI-DI與SDI-SDI受到的脅迫程度更加劇烈,根系保護酶活性變化幅度大。 7.研究了四種根區(qū)交替滴灌模式對赤霞珠葡萄幼苗株高、節(jié)間平均長度、同一灌水周期和復水后葉片光合和熒光性能的影響,結(jié)果表明不同滴灌方式的分根交替滴灌可以有效抑制地上部的生長,降低節(jié)間平均長度,增加根冠比。SDI-DI和DI-SDI處理對植株生長的影響優(yōu)于DI-DI處理,在整個灌水周期內(nèi),SDI-DI、DI-SDI和SDI-SDI處理較DI-DI處理能保持植物光合性能(Pn)和熒光特性(qp、ΦPSⅡ)在更好水平。
[Abstract]:Water is the key factor restricting the development of agricultural development in arid and semi-arid areas of China. Developing water-saving agriculture is the only way for agricultural modernization in China. Xinjiang is an important characteristic base of forestry and fruit industry in China. Water saving irrigation technology is popularized in the forest and fruit industry to develop and explore water-saving technology and irrigation suitable for the actual demand of the production of forest fruit industry in our country. The irrigation model has important theoretical and practical significance for the sustainable development of forest and fruit industry in arid and semi-arid areas of Xinjiang and even in China. Drip irrigation and drip irrigation are the two water-saving technologies that have the most promising prospects in the fruit industry. Vitis vinifera L.'Cabernet Sauvignon'was used to study the test material, the application time of different water and nitrogen under the drip irrigation under the membrane, the design of the underground drip irrigation system (underground drip irrigation system, independent design), the effect of the root zone alternation irrigation on the physiological characteristics and root morphology of the grape seedlings under the drip irrigation and the different drip irrigation methods. Through nearly four years of thinking and research, we hope to explore the drip irrigation technology and irrigation mode suitable for the development of forest and fruit industry in China. The main research contents and results are as follows:
1. the effects of different water and nitrogen treatments on the nitrogen utilization, root morphology, root physiological activity and nitrogen metabolism key enzymes in Cabernet Sauvignon seedlings under mulch drip irrigation were studied. The results showed that the suitable water treatment (field water holding capacity 60%-90%) and three nitrogen application could increase the total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen content and maintain growth of the plant root system. The activity of nitrate reductase (NR) and glutamine synthetase (GS) key enzyme activity in the roots of the late wine grape seedlings increased the utilization rate of nitrogen. In the study of plant roots, the suitable water treatment (field water holding capacity 60%-90%) and three nitrogen application could increase the root surface area and volume of root system, increase the number of root tips, promote root development and promote the development of root system. The activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD and CAT) in roots at late growth stage was higher, and the root senescence of plants was delayed.
2. the effects of different water and nitrogen treatment under Drip Irrigation on the physiological characteristics of Cabernet Sauvignon seedlings were studied. The results showed that the suitable water treatment (field water holding capacity 60%-90% and three times) could improve the activity of NR and GS key enzyme in the leaves of leaves of wine grape seedlings, and protect the leaves of SOD, POD and CAT at the later stage of growth. In the study of photosynthetic performance of plant leaves, the suitable water treatment (field water holding capacity 60%-90%) and three nitrogen application could increase the chlorophyll content, leaf net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), photochemical quenching coefficient (QP) and actual photochemical efficiency (QP). The diameter of PS II) is also maintained at a high level.
3. the anti blocking underground drip irrigation system and the underground drip irrigation system with independent intellectual property rights are developed. The field test results of the irrigation uniformity of the drip irrigation system in the underground hole show that the self designed underground drip irrigation system has lower cost and less water quality than the underground seepage irrigation system used at home and abroad. The advantage of resistance to blockage is in line with the actual situation and demand of the production of forest and fruit industry in arid and semi-arid areas of China. It has certain application and popularization value. Under the test condition of Honda, the irrigation water content is 201.9m3/hm2, the spacing of the storage container is 0.25m or 0.5m, the irrigation pressure is higher than 15kPa, and the irrigation uniformity of the drip irrigation system of the ground hole is more than 85%. The standard stipulated in the standard for water and water conservancy in the country.
4. the effects of drip irrigation, drip irrigation (independent design) and surface drip irrigation on the plant development, root morphology and physiological characteristics of Cabernet Sauvignon seedlings were studied under the condition of tube planting. The results showed that SDI (drip irrigation under underground cavern) and MDI (drip irrigation under film) could promote the growth of grape seedlings significantly than that of DI (drip irrigation). SDI mainly promoted the growth of the underground, MDI mainly promoted the growth of the upper part of the ground, and the root crown of the SDI treatment plant was significantly higher than the MDI.SDI treatment. The root root root vertical root system increased, and the MDI root type was mostly the horizontal extension root. The soil column test results showed the root surface area index (RAI) and the root volume of the 20-60cm soil depth SDI treatment. The density (RVD) was higher than that of MDI and DI, indicating that SDI treatment significantly improved the nutrient absorption capacity and absorption range of roots below 20cm in the soil layer, and promoted the root ligation. The SDI treatment designed in this experiment was better than MDI and DI, which could make the root system obtain more suitable water supply environment, maintain deep root activity and protect enzyme activity in a higher water. Leveling, alleviating and retarding the process of membrane lipid peroxidation.
5. the effects of submembrane drip irrigation (MDI), underground drip irrigation (SDI, independent design) and surface drip irrigation (DI) on the seedling height of Cabernet Sauvignon seedlings, the average internode length, the photosynthetic and fluorescence properties of the leaves in the same irrigation period were studied. The results showed that in the whole growth period, SDI treatment could be used in the early treatment of the environment. The adaptive adjustment played a role in "laying down seedlings". The photosynthetic and fluorescence characteristics of SDI and MDI treated at the same irrigation period were higher than those of DI treatment.
6. the effects of SDI-DI, SDI-SDI, DI-SDI and DI-DI on the root distribution of Cabernet Sauvignon seedlings, the physiological characteristics of root vertical direction in different root regions and the root system activity in the same irrigation period were studied under the condition of four root zone alternate drip irrigation under the bag controlled plot test. The results showed that DI-SDI and SDI-DI treatment could promote the root system in the horizontal and vertical sides. The distribution of the root in the whole growth space is more reasonable, and the SDI-SDI can effectively promote the root ligation in the whole growth space. The results of the study on the physiological characteristics of the root system show that when the irrigation side is right, DI-SDI and SDI-SDI can keep the root activity at a high level in the irrigation side, and the root activity of the root system is not filled with SDI-SDI and SDI-DI. The water side maintained a high level. When the irrigation side was right in the same irrigation cycle, DI-DI and SDI-DI treated the right root system more than SDI-SDI, and DI-SDI earlier felt drought stress. At the left side of the water (left), DI-DI and DI-SDI treated the left root system more severely than SDI-DI and SDI-SDI, and the activity of root protection enzyme changed greatly.
7. the effects of four root zone alternate drip irrigation modes on the height of the seedlings of Cabernet Sauvignon, the average internode length, the same irrigation cycle and the photosynthetic and fluorescence properties of the leaves after rewatering were studied. The results showed that the alternate drip irrigation with different drip irrigation methods could effectively inhibit the growth of the upper part of the ground, reduce the average length of the internode and increase the ratio of.SDI-DI and DI- to the root crown. The effect of SDI treatment on plant growth is better than that of DI-DI treatment. In the whole irrigation period, SDI-DI, DI-SDI and SDI-SDI treatment can maintain better photosynthetic performance (Pn) and fluorescence characteristics (QP, and PS II) than DI-DI treatment.
【學位授予單位】：石河子大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：S663.1
本文編號：2120957
[Abstract]:Water is the key factor restricting the development of agricultural development in arid and semi-arid areas of China. Developing water-saving agriculture is the only way for agricultural modernization in China. Xinjiang is an important characteristic base of forestry and fruit industry in China. Water saving irrigation technology is popularized in the forest and fruit industry to develop and explore water-saving technology and irrigation suitable for the actual demand of the production of forest fruit industry in our country. The irrigation model has important theoretical and practical significance for the sustainable development of forest and fruit industry in arid and semi-arid areas of Xinjiang and even in China. Drip irrigation and drip irrigation are the two water-saving technologies that have the most promising prospects in the fruit industry. Vitis vinifera L.'Cabernet Sauvignon'was used to study the test material, the application time of different water and nitrogen under the drip irrigation under the membrane, the design of the underground drip irrigation system (underground drip irrigation system, independent design), the effect of the root zone alternation irrigation on the physiological characteristics and root morphology of the grape seedlings under the drip irrigation and the different drip irrigation methods. Through nearly four years of thinking and research, we hope to explore the drip irrigation technology and irrigation mode suitable for the development of forest and fruit industry in China. The main research contents and results are as follows:
1. the effects of different water and nitrogen treatments on the nitrogen utilization, root morphology, root physiological activity and nitrogen metabolism key enzymes in Cabernet Sauvignon seedlings under mulch drip irrigation were studied. The results showed that the suitable water treatment (field water holding capacity 60%-90%) and three nitrogen application could increase the total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen content and maintain growth of the plant root system. The activity of nitrate reductase (NR) and glutamine synthetase (GS) key enzyme activity in the roots of the late wine grape seedlings increased the utilization rate of nitrogen. In the study of plant roots, the suitable water treatment (field water holding capacity 60%-90%) and three nitrogen application could increase the root surface area and volume of root system, increase the number of root tips, promote root development and promote the development of root system. The activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD and CAT) in roots at late growth stage was higher, and the root senescence of plants was delayed.
2. the effects of different water and nitrogen treatment under Drip Irrigation on the physiological characteristics of Cabernet Sauvignon seedlings were studied. The results showed that the suitable water treatment (field water holding capacity 60%-90% and three times) could improve the activity of NR and GS key enzyme in the leaves of leaves of wine grape seedlings, and protect the leaves of SOD, POD and CAT at the later stage of growth. In the study of photosynthetic performance of plant leaves, the suitable water treatment (field water holding capacity 60%-90%) and three nitrogen application could increase the chlorophyll content, leaf net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), photochemical quenching coefficient (QP) and actual photochemical efficiency (QP). The diameter of PS II) is also maintained at a high level.
3. the anti blocking underground drip irrigation system and the underground drip irrigation system with independent intellectual property rights are developed. The field test results of the irrigation uniformity of the drip irrigation system in the underground hole show that the self designed underground drip irrigation system has lower cost and less water quality than the underground seepage irrigation system used at home and abroad. The advantage of resistance to blockage is in line with the actual situation and demand of the production of forest and fruit industry in arid and semi-arid areas of China. It has certain application and popularization value. Under the test condition of Honda, the irrigation water content is 201.9m3/hm2, the spacing of the storage container is 0.25m or 0.5m, the irrigation pressure is higher than 15kPa, and the irrigation uniformity of the drip irrigation system of the ground hole is more than 85%. The standard stipulated in the standard for water and water conservancy in the country.
4. the effects of drip irrigation, drip irrigation (independent design) and surface drip irrigation on the plant development, root morphology and physiological characteristics of Cabernet Sauvignon seedlings were studied under the condition of tube planting. The results showed that SDI (drip irrigation under underground cavern) and MDI (drip irrigation under film) could promote the growth of grape seedlings significantly than that of DI (drip irrigation). SDI mainly promoted the growth of the underground, MDI mainly promoted the growth of the upper part of the ground, and the root crown of the SDI treatment plant was significantly higher than the MDI.SDI treatment. The root root root vertical root system increased, and the MDI root type was mostly the horizontal extension root. The soil column test results showed the root surface area index (RAI) and the root volume of the 20-60cm soil depth SDI treatment. The density (RVD) was higher than that of MDI and DI, indicating that SDI treatment significantly improved the nutrient absorption capacity and absorption range of roots below 20cm in the soil layer, and promoted the root ligation. The SDI treatment designed in this experiment was better than MDI and DI, which could make the root system obtain more suitable water supply environment, maintain deep root activity and protect enzyme activity in a higher water. Leveling, alleviating and retarding the process of membrane lipid peroxidation.
5. the effects of submembrane drip irrigation (MDI), underground drip irrigation (SDI, independent design) and surface drip irrigation (DI) on the seedling height of Cabernet Sauvignon seedlings, the average internode length, the photosynthetic and fluorescence properties of the leaves in the same irrigation period were studied. The results showed that in the whole growth period, SDI treatment could be used in the early treatment of the environment. The adaptive adjustment played a role in "laying down seedlings". The photosynthetic and fluorescence characteristics of SDI and MDI treated at the same irrigation period were higher than those of DI treatment.
6. the effects of SDI-DI, SDI-SDI, DI-SDI and DI-DI on the root distribution of Cabernet Sauvignon seedlings, the physiological characteristics of root vertical direction in different root regions and the root system activity in the same irrigation period were studied under the condition of four root zone alternate drip irrigation under the bag controlled plot test. The results showed that DI-SDI and SDI-DI treatment could promote the root system in the horizontal and vertical sides. The distribution of the root in the whole growth space is more reasonable, and the SDI-SDI can effectively promote the root ligation in the whole growth space. The results of the study on the physiological characteristics of the root system show that when the irrigation side is right, DI-SDI and SDI-SDI can keep the root activity at a high level in the irrigation side, and the root activity of the root system is not filled with SDI-SDI and SDI-DI. The water side maintained a high level. When the irrigation side was right in the same irrigation cycle, DI-DI and SDI-DI treated the right root system more than SDI-SDI, and DI-SDI earlier felt drought stress. At the left side of the water (left), DI-DI and DI-SDI treated the left root system more severely than SDI-DI and SDI-SDI, and the activity of root protection enzyme changed greatly.
7. the effects of four root zone alternate drip irrigation modes on the height of the seedlings of Cabernet Sauvignon, the average internode length, the same irrigation cycle and the photosynthetic and fluorescence properties of the leaves after rewatering were studied. The results showed that the alternate drip irrigation with different drip irrigation methods could effectively inhibit the growth of the upper part of the ground, reduce the average length of the internode and increase the ratio of.SDI-DI and DI- to the root crown. The effect of SDI treatment on plant growth is better than that of DI-DI treatment. In the whole irrigation period, SDI-DI, DI-SDI and SDI-SDI treatment can maintain better photosynthetic performance (Pn) and fluorescence characteristics (QP, and PS II) than DI-DI treatment.
【學位授予單位】：石河子大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：S663.1
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