本文選題：非法經(jīng)營(yíng)罪 + 堵漏條款　； 參考：《南昌大學(xué)》2014年碩士論文

【摘要】：非法經(jīng)營(yíng)罪來(lái)源于1979年刑法規(guī)定的投機(jī)倒把罪。作為我國(guó)特定歷史時(shí)期出現(xiàn)的罪名，該罪的產(chǎn)生有其充分的歷史背景。隨著市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的逐步建立發(fā)展，該罪所包括的罪名越來(lái)越多，成為了一個(gè)“大口袋”。因此，97年刑法將投機(jī)倒把罪取消，并對(duì)該罪進(jìn)行了分解，其中之一就是非法經(jīng)營(yíng)罪。從非法經(jīng)營(yíng)罪的表述語(yǔ)可以看出，刑法典采用了列舉和概括相結(jié)合的方式。前三項(xiàng)采取的是列舉法，明確規(guī)定了三種行適用該罪，第四項(xiàng)用“其他”短句籠統(tǒng)地概括其它的非法經(jīng)營(yíng)行為。這種概括兜底式的法律條款因其具有堵住及避免出現(xiàn)法律漏洞的作用，，因此被冠以堵漏條款的稱謂。在隨后的立法和司法實(shí)踐中，非法經(jīng)營(yíng)罪堵漏條款適用范圍不斷擴(kuò)張，如何采取有效措施對(duì)其進(jìn)行合理限制。這既能豐富學(xué)術(shù)界在這一方面的研究素材，又能為非法經(jīng)營(yíng)罪的規(guī)范適用提供一定的幫助。因此，本文具有一定的學(xué)術(shù)價(jià)值和實(shí)踐意義。 本文分四個(gè)部分，第一部分簡(jiǎn)要介紹非法經(jīng)營(yíng)罪的立法進(jìn)程、內(nèi)涵構(gòu)成及立法表述方式，并分析了該罪采取堵漏條款這種方式的現(xiàn)實(shí)原因和理論背景。非法經(jīng)營(yíng)罪的設(shè)立是對(duì)我國(guó)當(dāng)時(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)現(xiàn)實(shí)需求的最好回應(yīng)，有利于建立與維護(hù)一個(gè)正常的市場(chǎng)秩序。從理論角度來(lái)看，我國(guó)法律體系屬于成文法系。為了克服成文法系的弊端，立法者在規(guī)定表述上選用了概然性的條款，即堵漏條款，使其具有一定概括性和包容性，既能夠反映現(xiàn)實(shí)，又有一定的超前性。 第二部分對(duì)該罪堵漏條款適用條件進(jìn)行了深入解析。從刑法第225條規(guī)定來(lái)看，要構(gòu)成非法經(jīng)營(yíng)罪，要從三個(gè)方面去分析。即該行為是否違反了國(guó)家規(guī)定，這是判定罪與非罪的關(guān)鍵；該行為是否給市場(chǎng)秩序造成了嚴(yán)重影響；情節(jié)是否嚴(yán)重。首先，準(zhǔn)確界定刑法意義范疇的國(guó)家規(guī)定，涉及到刑法解釋的重大問(wèn)題。非法經(jīng)營(yíng)罪中的“國(guó)家規(guī)定”，關(guān)鍵是從立法主體上進(jìn)行分析，主要包括法律和決定，行政法規(guī)、措施和命令。”此外，《立法法》實(shí)施前經(jīng)過(guò)國(guó)務(wù)院批準(zhǔn)的規(guī)章，經(jīng)國(guó)務(wù)院辦公廳轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)的規(guī)章，所設(shè)定行政許可項(xiàng)目得到國(guó)務(wù)院保留的規(guī)章，這幾種特殊情況的規(guī)章也能上升為刑法上的“國(guó)家規(guī)定”。對(duì)于“其他非法經(jīng)營(yíng)行為”，在刑法的含義清晰、確定之時(shí),法官可直接適用而無(wú)需進(jìn)行解釋。但對(duì)于該罪只是模糊性規(guī)定的“其他”行為這個(gè)堵漏條款時(shí),刑事審判機(jī)關(guān)在司法實(shí)踐中，則需要堅(jiān)守嚴(yán)格解釋的原則，合理界定“其他非法經(jīng)營(yíng)行為”的外延，不得任意解釋,以避免在法律適用中出現(xiàn)歧義，要從相當(dāng)性、差別性、限制性三個(gè)本質(zhì)特征進(jìn)行深入分析。對(duì)程度要件“情節(jié)嚴(yán)重”的認(rèn)定，可以從業(yè)務(wù)經(jīng)營(yíng)的數(shù)額是否巨大，違法所得的數(shù)目，多次進(jìn)行非法經(jīng)營(yíng)屢次經(jīng)行政處罰而不悔改，造成重大損失四個(gè)方面進(jìn)行認(rèn)定。 第三部分主要闡述非法經(jīng)營(yíng)罪堵漏條款在適用中的擴(kuò)張化傾向。由于非法經(jīng)營(yíng)罪堵漏條款的存在以及堵漏條款的高度概括性和抽象性，仍難以克服“口袋罪”具有的弊病。后來(lái)針對(duì)該罪的相關(guān)立法、司法解釋不斷將各種經(jīng)營(yíng)行為納入其口袋內(nèi)。這樣一來(lái)，堵漏條款的適用面越來(lái)越寬泛。雖然該罪適用范圍的擴(kuò)張，能及時(shí)地打擊經(jīng)濟(jì)犯罪，維護(hù)市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序，但也帶來(lái)了一系列弊端和危害，其與罪刑法定原則、刑法謙抑原則相矛盾，容易與行政違法行為界限相混淆，甚至導(dǎo)致刑罰權(quán)被濫用的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。 第四部分提出了合理限制非法經(jīng)營(yíng)罪堵漏條款適用范圍的對(duì)策措施，使其“口袋徑”不至于無(wú)限的膨脹。首先是嚴(yán)格堅(jiān)持罪行法定原則，限制立法及司法解釋對(duì)該罪堵漏條款的不斷擴(kuò)張和膨脹；其次是有效運(yùn)用刑法解釋；然后還要規(guī)范行使法官的自由裁量權(quán)，提高法官的法律素養(yǎng)和道德水平，加強(qiáng)審判工作的監(jiān)督機(jī)制。最后，對(duì)非法經(jīng)營(yíng)罪進(jìn)行合理分解，以縮小其適用范圍。
[Abstract]:The crime of illegal operation originates from the crime of speculation in the criminal law of 1979. As a crime appearing in the specific historical period of China, the crime has its full historical background. With the gradual development of the market economy, the crime includes more and more crimes, which has become a "big pocket". Therefore, the 97 year criminal law will take the crime of speculation. One of the crimes is the crime of illegal operation. From the expression of the crime of illegal management, it is shown that the criminal code has adopted a combination of enumerating and generalizations. The first three items are enumerated, which clearly stipulate that three kinds of crimes are applicable to the crime, and the fourth use the "other" short sentences to generalize other illegal business lines in general. In the following legislative and judicial practice, the application scope of the illegal business crime blocking clause is expanding, and how to take effective measures to restrict it. This can not only enrich the academic circle, but also enrich the academic circle. This research material can also provide some help for the normative application of the crime of illegal business operation. Therefore, this article has certain academic value and practical significance.
This article is divided into four parts. The first part briefly introduces the legislative process, the connotations of the crime of illegal operation, the connotations and the way of legislative expression, and analyzes the realistic and theoretical background of this crime. The establishment of the crime of illegal operation is the best response to the demand of the economic reality at that time in our country, which is beneficial to the establishment and maintenance of a positive one. From the theoretical point of view, the legal system of our country belongs to the written legal system. In order to overcome the malpractice of the legal system, the legislator has chosen the clause of the probability in the formulation, that is, the clause is blocked, and it has a certain generality and inclusiveness, which can not only reflect the reality, but also have a certain advance.
The second part analyzes the applicable conditions of the crime of this crime. From the 225th provisions of the criminal law, to constitute the crime of illegal operation, we should analyze it from three aspects. That is, whether the act violates the state regulations, which is the key to judging the crime and the non crime; whether this act has caused serious influence on the order of the city; whether the plot is serious or not. First, the exact definition of the national provisions of the category of criminal law involves a major issue in the interpretation of the criminal law. The "state provisions" in the crime of illegal operation are the key to the analysis of the legislative body, mainly including laws and decisions, administrative regulations, measures and orders. The rules forwarded by the office of the hospital office, the administrative licensing items set up by the State Council have been set up by the State Council, and the regulations of these special cases can also be raised to the "state regulations" in the criminal law. For the "other illegal operations", the judge can directly apply but without explanation when the meaning of the criminal law is clear and determined. In the case of the "other" act, which is defined by the fuzzy nature, the criminal judicial organ should stick to the principle of strict interpretation in judicial practice and rationally define the extension of the "other illegal operation", which can not be interpreted arbitrarily, in order to avoid ambiguity in the application of the law and three essential characteristics from the equivalent, differential and restrictive. The determination of the degree of "serious plot" can be identified from four aspects: whether the amount of the business operation is huge, the number of illegal income, and the illegal operation has been repeatedly carried out by administrative punishment without repentance, causing significant losses.
The third part mainly expounds the extension tendency in the application of the illegal operation crime, which is difficult to overcome because of the existence of the illegal operation crime and the high generality and abstractness of the blocking clause. In this way, the application of the clause is more and more wide. Although the expansion of the scope of the crime is expanded, it can combat economic crime and maintain the order of the market economy in time, but it also brings a series of malpractices and hazards, which is contradictory to the principle of legal punishment and the principle of criminal law, and is easy to confuse with the boundary of administrative illegal behavior. The risk of misuse of the right of punishment.
The fourth part puts forward the countermeasures to restrict the scope of the application of the illegal operation crime, so that the "pocket size" will not expand indefinitely. First, strictly adhere to the legal principle of crime, restrict the continuous expansion and expansion of the legislative and judicial interpretation of the crime, secondly, use the criminal law to explain effectively; and then we should also need to use the criminal law to explain the crime. We should standardize the discretion of the judges, improve the legal literacy and moral level of the judges, and strengthen the supervision mechanism of the trial work. Finally, the crime of illegal operation is rationally decomposed to reduce the scope of its application.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：南昌大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：D924.3

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