本文選題：英國憲法 + 最高法院��； 參考：《天津商業(yè)大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：作為英國近年來憲政改革的一大成果,英國最高法院已經(jīng)成立了八年。經(jīng)過多年的運(yùn)行,英國最高法院也受到了英國社會和全球的矚目。英國最高司法機(jī)關(guān)獨(dú)立于立法機(jī)關(guān),這是一個(gè)標(biāo)志性的事件。然而,這種獨(dú)立究竟在多大程度上有效一直是學(xué)界關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)。英國的司法終審權(quán)歷經(jīng)幾個(gè)世紀(jì)的變遷,最終掌握在上議院的司法貴族手中。但是,這一權(quán)力始終都在發(fā)生著變化。加入歐盟、《人權(quán)法》的通過,使得司法權(quán)在英國憲法中地位有了明顯的提升。在這個(gè)背景下,英國國內(nèi)要求建立一個(gè)獨(dú)立的最高法院的呼聲高漲。經(jīng)過長時(shí)間的爭論,英國最高法院終于成立了。英國最高法院的法官選任交給了一個(gè)專業(yè)的遴選委員會,擺脫了政治性的影響。法官的選任基本上是法律人共同體的選擇。英國最高法院的管轄權(quán)繼承了上議院上訴委員會的管轄權(quán),根據(jù)《憲政改革法》,增加了權(quán)力下放案件的管轄權(quán)。英國最高法院的上訴程序分為上訴案件的申請和上訴聆訊兩個(gè)階段。和上議院上訴委員會相比較,上訴程序的變化不大,僅僅是個(gè)別的細(xì)節(jié)上有些調(diào)整。反映了英國最高法院的延續(xù)性。英國最高法院的法官延續(xù)了上議院時(shí)期的傳統(tǒng),基本上是來自司法系統(tǒng),當(dāng)然也有沒有任何司法審判經(jīng)歷的資深律師。但是總的來說組成比較單一。不過,這一狀況也在發(fā)生微妙的變化,以后的法官們會更有代表性。英國最高法院在處理上訴案件方面延續(xù)了之前的傳統(tǒng),并沒有因?yàn)樾略O(shè)法院的因素導(dǎo)致上訴案件數(shù)量出現(xiàn)劇烈的變化。而在案件審理的合議庭組成方面,則有所不同。英國最高法院傾向于更多的案件采用更大規(guī)模的合議庭。有更多的案件是超過5名法官審理。因其發(fā)布的判決對于英國社會的重大影響,英國最高法院表現(xiàn)出比原來更為審慎的態(tài)度。在審理案件的類型方面,英國最高法院更多的涉及憲法性案件和公民基本權(quán)利的案件。在先例原則方面最高法院態(tài)度是十分謹(jǐn)慎的,一般不輕易推翻先例,除非涉及到歐洲人權(quán)公約。英國最高法院在更多的案件中引入第三方介入到訴訟中,反映了最高法院更加開放的態(tài)度。成立英國最高法院對英國社會影響重大。一個(gè)獨(dú)立于議會的最高法院,讓權(quán)力分立的原則更加深入人心。任何破壞司法獨(dú)立的行為都會受到公眾輿論的譴責(zé)和最高法院工作人員的抵制。最為重要的憲法議題上,英國的社會公眾、政治界人士將最終的裁決權(quán)交由新成立的最高法院。英國最高法院在英國憲法中的作用正在提升�？偟膩碚f,英國最高法院的成立對于整個(gè)英國憲政的影響巨大,但是其未來發(fā)展值得觀察。
[Abstract]:As a major achievement of constitutional reform in Britain in recent years, the Supreme Court of England has been established for eight years. After years of operation, the British Supreme Court has also attracted the attention of the British society and the world. The independence of Britain's highest judiciary from the legislature is an iconic event. However, the extent to which this independence is effective has always been the focus of academic attention. The power of final adjudication of justice in England has changed for centuries and is finally in the hands of the judicial nobles in the House of Lords. But that power is always changing. Accession to the European Union, the passage of the Human Rights Act, the judicial power in the British Constitution has been significantly enhanced. Against this backdrop, calls for an independent supreme court are rising in Britain. After a long debate, the British Supreme Court was finally established. Britain's Supreme Court judges were elected to a professional selection committee, free from political influence. The selection of judges is basically the choice of the legal community. The jurisdiction of the British Supreme Court inherited the jurisdiction of the Appeal Committee of the House of Lords and increased the jurisdiction of devolved cases under the Constitutional Reform Act. The appeals procedure of the Supreme Court of England is divided into two stages: application for appeal and hearing of appeal. Compared with the appeal committee of the upper house, the appeal procedure has not changed much, only a few details have been adjusted. Reflects the continuity of the British Supreme Court. Britain's Supreme Court judges continue the tradition of the House of Lords, mostly from the judicial system, and of course there are no senior lawyers with any judicial experience. But overall the composition is relatively simple. However, the situation is also changing subtly, and judges will be more representative in the future. Britain's Supreme Court has continued its tradition of handling appeals and has not experienced dramatic changes in the number of appeals due to new courts. The composition of the collegial panel is different. Britain's Supreme Court tends to use a larger collegiate panel for more cases. More cases are heard by more than five judges. The Supreme Court has been more cautious than ever because of the impact of its ruling on British society. In terms of the types of cases to be heard, the Supreme Court is more concerned with constitutional cases and basic rights of citizens. The Supreme Court is cautious about precedent principles and generally does not overturn precedents unless it concerns the European Convention on Human Rights. Britain's Supreme Court has brought in third parties in more cases, reflecting its more open attitude. The establishment of the British Supreme Court had a significant impact on British society. A Supreme Court, independent of Parliament, makes the principle of separation of powers more popular. Any breach of judicial independence will be condemned by public opinion and resisted by Supreme Court staff. On the most important constitutional issue, the British public and politicians have left the final decision to the new Supreme Court. The role of the British Supreme Court in the British Constitution is rising. Generally speaking, the establishment of the Supreme Court has a great influence on the constitutionalism of the whole country, but its future development is worth observing.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：天津商業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D956.1;DD916

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