【摘要】：面對(duì)一項(xiàng)具體的海商法律制度，大量的海商法學(xué)研究往往側(cè)重于對(duì)“制度是什么”的探討，即側(cè)重于對(duì)海商法律規(guī)則應(yīng)用性和操作性的研究，強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)實(shí)踐問(wèn)題的解決。在研究方法上，大多沿用對(duì)法條和概念抽象推理這一傳統(tǒng)法學(xué)研究方法。不可否認(rèn)這樣的研究角度和方法對(duì)海商法學(xué)是至關(guān)重要的，但為了研究的深入和發(fā)展，我們需要拓展研究的視角，引入新的研究方法。作為一種嘗試，本文在研究角度的選取上側(cè)重于對(duì)一些海商法律制度存在合理性的解讀，側(cè)重于對(duì)制度效率的分析，主要采用的研究方法是法律的經(jīng)濟(jì)分析方法。 本文首先對(duì)法律的經(jīng)濟(jì)分析作了一個(gè)概述，介紹了其歷史發(fā)展、理論基礎(chǔ)及基本的概念和假設(shè)。然后用此方法對(duì)三項(xiàng)具體的海商法律制度中存在的一些問(wèn)題進(jìn)行了分析和解讀。 以博弈論為工具，通過(guò)具體模型的建立，，本文論證了在互有過(guò)失船舶碰撞中實(shí)行平分過(guò)失規(guī)則和比較過(guò)失規(guī)則都是有效率的，進(jìn)而對(duì)其效率進(jìn)行了比較。 新制度經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)是一個(gè)以制度為研究對(duì)象的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)流派，其研究對(duì)象也包括法律制度。本文運(yùn)用新制度經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的理論對(duì)提單法律制度的兩個(gè)問(wèn)題做了分析：一是提單制度對(duì)降低交易成本的作用；二是關(guān)于航行過(guò)失免責(zé)的存廢問(wèn)題。從問(wèn)題相互性角度探討了航行過(guò)失責(zé)任的分配標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；從制度變遷路徑依賴的角度對(duì)航行過(guò)失免責(zé)規(guī)則的長(zhǎng)期存在進(jìn)行了解釋；進(jìn)而分析了廢除航行過(guò)失免責(zé)這一制度變遷的成本和收益。 海難救助是海商法的一項(xiàng)獨(dú)特法律制度。筆者沒(méi)有對(duì)其涉及的一些具體適用問(wèn)題進(jìn)行探討，而主要是利用法律和經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的有關(guān)理論闡釋了海商法為什么不把海難救助規(guī)定為一項(xiàng)民事法律義務(wù)及如何克服外部性，激勵(lì)人們救助，對(duì)海難救助制度設(shè)計(jì)的合理性進(jìn)行了解讀。 本文用法律的經(jīng)濟(jì)分析方法嘗試性地對(duì)海商法律制度的一些問(wèn)題進(jìn)行了分析，雖然可能是片面和淺顯的，理論的探討或許與實(shí)踐有一定的差距，但希望其對(duì)我們?nèi)婧蜕钊氲卣J(rèn)識(shí)和理解主要是移植而來(lái)的海商法律制度有所幫助，對(duì)推動(dòng)我國(guó)海商法學(xué)研究和實(shí)踐的發(fā)展有所益處。
[Abstract]:In the face of a specific maritime commercial legal system, a large number of studies of maritime law often focus on the "what is the system", that is, the study of the application and operation of maritime commercial legal rules, and the solution of practical problems. In the research method, the traditional method of abstract reasoning of law and concept is adopted. There is no denying that such research angles and methods are very important to the study of maritime law, but in order to deepen and develop the research, we need to expand the perspective of research and introduce new research methods. As an attempt, this paper focuses on the analysis of the rationality of the legal system of some maritime merchants and the analysis of the efficiency of the system from the point of view of research. The main research method is the method of economic analysis of law. This paper first gives an overview of the economic analysis of law, introduces its historical development, theoretical basis, basic concepts and assumptions. Then this method is used to analyze and interpret some problems existing in the three specific maritime merchant legal systems. By using game theory as a tool, through the establishment of concrete model, this paper proves that it is efficient to implement the rule of equal fault and the rule of comparative fault in the collision of ships with fault, and then compares the efficiency of the rule. New institutional economics is a school of economics which studies institution, including legal system. This paper makes an analysis of two problems in the legal system of bill of lading by using the theory of new institutional economics: one is the effect of bill of lading system on reducing transaction cost, the other is the problem of saving and abolishing the exemption from navigational negligence. This paper discusses the allocation standard of navigational fault liability from the angle of problem reciprocity, explains the long-standing existence of navigational fault exemption rules from the point of view of path dependence of institutional change. Then it analyzes the cost and benefit of the institutional change of abrogation of navigational fault exemption. Salvage at sea is a unique legal system of maritime law. The author does not discuss some specific application problems, but mainly explains why maritime salvage is not stipulated as a civil legal obligation and how to overcome externality in maritime law by using the relevant theories of law and economics. Encourage people to rescue, the rescue system design of the rationality of interpretation. This paper tries to analyze some problems in the legal system of maritime merchants by using the method of economic analysis of law. Although it may be one-sided and simple, the discussion of theory may have a certain gap with practice. But I hope it will be helpful to us to fully and deeply understand and understand the legal system of maritime commerce which is mainly transplanted, and will be beneficial to the development of the research and practice of maritime law in our country.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：上海海事大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2004
【分類號(hào)】：D996.19;D912.29

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