本文選題：清末 + 民初��； 參考：《吉林大學(xué)》2004年碩士論文

【摘要】：近代商人，尤其是 19 世紀末 20 世紀初的商人，改變了以往的錙銖必 較、唯利是圖的形象，開始以過去所沒有的新的姿態(tài)登上歷史舞臺，對當 時以及后來的中國政治、經(jīng)濟、文化教育乃至整個社會的近代化發(fā)展，都 產(chǎn)生了非常顯著的影響，尤其是在政治領(lǐng)域的方面，商人的一系列政治參 與思想及其活動，更能體現(xiàn)近代商人不同以往的特性，以及歷史進步性。 一、商人政治參與意識的萌發(fā) 鴉片戰(zhàn)爭改變了中國近世社會的自然歷史進程，使這個封閉的近乎停 滯的東方封建大國發(fā)生了前所未有的巨變。在這動蕩的年月里，近代商人 的政治參與意識、行為也逐步發(fā)生了變化，近代中國的新式商人群體開始 產(chǎn)生。他們不同于單個商人，在思想意識、行為方式等方面都產(chǎn)生了新的 變化。清末民初的商人的政治思想意識的發(fā)展變化主要經(jīng)歷了以下三個階 段。 （一）對傳統(tǒng)的“在商言商”，不問政治原則的突破 甲午戰(zhàn)爭之前，對“在商言商”的傳統(tǒng)信條的突破，最先表現(xiàn)在言論 上的代表人就是鄭觀應(yīng)。他認為：應(yīng)參酌西方，對現(xiàn)有政治進行適度的改 革。到甲午戰(zhàn)爭后，民族主義意識更為激烈，從而推動著資產(chǎn)者政治參與 的發(fā)展。這一時期商人的政治參與不再僅僅限于剛開始的一般文字表達， 而且還開始了實際的參與活動。他們的代表人就是經(jīng)元善。 他們逐漸突破傳統(tǒng)“在商言商”的束縛，開始表達自己的政治見解和 要求，嘗試在有關(guān)的政治活動中發(fā)揮作用。 70 WP=75 （二）愛國民族主義思想的萌發(fā) 晚清時期，中國民族危機的空前嚴重，以及隨之產(chǎn)生的前所未有的各 種危機感，是促使當時商人愛國民族主義思想萌發(fā)的主要催化劑。 這些危機，使當時的中國人清楚地認識到，帝國主義的經(jīng)濟侵略，造 成利權(quán)的外溢，中國情勢危急。商人將眼光從自己的身家移注于整個國家 和民族，這也是商人愛國民族主義思想的首要表現(xiàn)所在。在 1901 年至 1903 年間，商人的民族主義意識日益高漲。其中最能表現(xiàn)商人的愛國民族主義 思想的運動是：拒俄運動和抵制美貨運動。在運動中，許多商人甚至置一 己之身家財產(chǎn)損失于不顧，表現(xiàn)出難能可貴的愛國精神，逐漸成為反帝愛 國運動的主角。 （三）自治自立思想的發(fā)展和成熟 中國的近代是一個不幸而可悲的時代，又是一個充滿挑戰(zhàn)和機遇的變 革時代。特別是對于商人來說，中國的近代處于一個前所未有的特殊重要 地位，肩負起救亡圖存的艱巨歷史使命。就是在這種特殊的歷史背景下， 商人自治自立的思想逐步發(fā)展起來，主要表現(xiàn)在國民觀念的更新，商人群 體意識的發(fā)展，時代使命感的萌發(fā)，自治自立思想的日趨成熟這四個方面。 商人在晚清反帝愛國的民族運動中逐漸成為舉足輕重的一支重要社會力 量。 二、商人參政與干政的舉措 商人的政治參與意識的發(fā)展變化直接影響著商人的政治參與活動的 發(fā)展變化。這一時期商人的政治參與活動也日益活躍，主要表現(xiàn)在四個方 面： （一）參與地方自治運動 20 世紀初興起的地方自治運動是這一時期商人正式參與政治的一個 71 WP=76 開端。 20 世紀初，商人所從事的地方自治運動，以上海的總工程局（后改 名為城自治公所）、蘇州市民公社最為典型。地方自治運動，是商人已經(jīng) 發(fā)展成為一支獨立的社會力量，在社會生活中的影響日益提高的具體表 現(xiàn)。 （二）參與擬訂商法活動 擬訂商法活動也代表著商人的政治參與活動發(fā)展到一個新的起點。晚 清以前的商人，因完全不受法律的保護，故自嘲為“無法之商”。到 19 世 紀末 20 世紀初這種情況得以改變，商人以新的面貌出現(xiàn)。 1907 年，由上海資產(chǎn)階級首倡，掀起了一個全國規(guī)模的民間商業(yè)立 法活動。擬訂商法活動是中國資產(chǎn)階級爭取立法權(quán)的首次嘗試，，它充分顯 示了資產(chǎn)階級政治責任感和主體意識的增長。 （三）支持立憲請愿運動 在自治基礎(chǔ)上實行君主立憲，這已成為這一時期商人的最高政治理 想，也是他們進行一切政治運動的中心目標。1910 年的國會請愿運動把 清末立憲運動推向高潮。國會請愿運動是資產(chǎn)階級直接參與的較大規(guī)模的 政治活動。 但在請愿運動中，商人態(tài)度出現(xiàn)分歧。從總體上看，他們的政治態(tài)度 變得十分保守， （四）辛亥革命運動中的參政與干政 1、參政表現(xiàn) 辛亥革命中各地商人階層或迅速，或遲緩，或主動，或猶豫，均對革 命表現(xiàn)出一定的同情和支持，以附從革命，趨向共和的實際行動表達了自 己的階級意愿。辛亥革命中，商人的政治動向大致可分為兩種類型：一是 在革命力量比較強在，采取武裝起義的地區(qū)，紳商通常是熱烈響應(yīng)革命， 72 WP=77 竭其所能地支持起義，發(fā)揮了積極配合作用，以武漢、上海為例。另一種 類型，則是在封建舊官僚和立憲派勢力占上風，革命力量相對弱小或鞭長 莫及的地區(qū)，商人則往往同舊官僚和立憲派相串聯(lián)，共謀“和平獨立”。 這種情況在辛亥革命中占絕大多數(shù)，而尤以蘇州和廣州的“獨立”為典型。 然而，從商人階層依附革命的行動中也可以看到，商人階層在政治上 的態(tài)度是極其務(wù)實和保守的。 2、干政表現(xiàn) 民初政局的復(fù)雜和動亂促使商人的獨立政治意識逐步增強，他們 開始有了屬于自己的“政治語
[Abstract]:The merchants of modern times , especially those of the late 19th century and the early 20 th century , changed the old Baht .








In contrast , the image of the mercenary is beginning to embark on the stage of history with the new posture that has not been seen in the past , and it is








as well as the subsequent development of China ' s political , economic , cultural and even the whole society ,








a very significant influence , especially in the political arena , a series of political references from businessmen








Compared with the thought and its activities , it can reflect the different characteristics of modern businessmen and the historical progressiveness .








First , the Seed Germination of the Political Participation Consciousness of Businessmen








The Opium War changed the natural history of China ' s modern society , bringing this close to a halt








There was an unprecedented change in the eastern feudal country . In this turbulent year , modern businessmen








The political participation consciousness and the behavior have changed gradually , and the new businessmen group in China began to start








They are different from a single businessman and have created new ideas in terms of ideology , behavior and so on .








The changes of the political ideology consciousness of businessmen in the late Qing Dynasty mainly experienced the following three orders :








Segment .








( 1 ) The breakthrough of traditional " on - the - talk business " and not to ask the political principle








Before the Sino - Japanese War , the breakthrough of the traditional doctrine of " on - the - business " was first expressed in speech








The representative of the People ' s Republic of China is Zheng Guanying . He believes that a moderate change in the existing politics should be taken into account in the West .








After the Sino - Japanese War , the consciousness of nationalism was fiercer , thus promoting the political participation of the bourgeois








The political participation of businessmen in this period is no longer confined to the general expression just begun ,








And they ' re starting to actually take part in their activities . Their representative is yuan - good .








They gradually break through the shackles of the traditional " talking quotient " and begin to express their own political opinions .








Attempts have been made to play a role in the relevant political activities .








70 %

















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( 2 ) the germination of patriotic nationalist thought








In the late Qing Dynasty , China ' s national crisis was unprecedented and unprecedented .








The feeling of a kind of crisis is the main catalyst to promote the patriotic nationalism thought of merchants at that time .








These crises have made it clear to the Chinese at that time that the economic aggression of imperialism , the creation of a building ,








The overflow of the right of interest , the situation in China is critical , and the businessmen move their eyes from their own home to the whole country








This is also the primary manifestation of the patriotic nationalism of businessmen . From 1901 to 1903








During the years , the awareness of the merchant ' s nationalism is increasing . Among them , the businessmen ' s patriotic nationalism is the most visible .








The movement of thought is to resist the movement of Russia and resist the movement of American goods . In the movement , many businessmen even set one








In spite of the fact that the property of his family has been lost in spite of the fact that he has shown a commendable patriotic spirit , he has gradually become the love of anti - emperor








The leading character of the country ' s movement .








( III ) Development and maturity of self - government ' s self - standing ideology








China ' s modern times are an unfortunate and sad time , and a change that is full of challenges and opportunities








In the age of leather , especially for businessmen , China ' s modern times are in an unprecedented special importance








in this particular historical context ,








The idea of self - reliance of merchant autonomy has been gradually developed , mainly manifested in the renewal of the national concept , the businessman group








The development of body consciousness , the germination of the sense of mission and the maturity of self - government .








The businessman gradually becomes an important social force in the national movement of the anti - imperialist and patriotic movement in the late Qing Dynasty








Amount .








II . Measures of businessmen ' s participation in politics and politics








The change of the businessman ' s political participation consciousness directly affects the political participation of the businessman








Development changes . The political participation of businessmen in this period is also increasingly active , mainly in four parties








Face :








( i ) Participation in local self - government campaigns








The local self - government movement that emerged in the early 20th century is one of the businessmen ' s formal participation in politics during the period of the 20th century








71

















WP=76








Start .








In the beginning of the 20th century , the local self - government exercise carried out by businessmen , with the Shanghai General Engineering Bureau ( post - reform )








The city ' s self - governing public office is the most typical of Suzhou citizen ' s commune . Local self - government is a businessman .








The development has become an independent social force , and the influence of social life is increasing more and more








Now .








( ii ) Participation in the development of commercial law activities








The development of commercial law activities also represents the development of the political participation of businessmen to a new starting point .








Before the Qing Dynasty merchants , because they were completely free from the protection of the law , they were self - ridiculed as " unable to quotient " . By the 19 th








This situation was changed in the early 20th century , and merchants appeared in a new look .








In 1907 , the Shanghai bourgeoisie initiated a nationwide scale of civil business .








Law activities . The development of commercial law activities is the first attempt by the Chinese bourgeoisie to seek legislative power , which is sufficiently explicit








The growth of bourgeois political responsibility and subject consciousness is shown .








( iii ) Support for constitutional petition campaigns








On the basis of autonomy , a constitutional monarchy has become the highest political reason for businessmen in this period








It ' s also the central goal of all political campaigns . Congress petition in 1910








At the end of the Qing Dynasty , the constitutional movement was pushed to the climax , and the petition movement of Congress was a relatively large scale of the direct participation of the bourgeoisie








Political activities .








in that petition movement , however , the attitude of the merchant is different . in general , their political attitude








become very conservative ,








( IV ) Political and Political Participation in the Revolution of 1911








1 . Political representation








in that revolution of the 1911 revolution , the merchant class or the rapid , or sluggish , or active , or hesitate , all right








They have shown some sympathy and support to attach themselves from the revolution , to the common and practical actions .








In the Revolution of 1911 , the political movement of businessmen can be divided into two types : one is








in that area where the revolutionary forces are relatively strong and armed uprising are taken , the gentlemen are usually a warm response to the revolution ,








72

















WP=77








It has played an active role in supporting the uprising , taking Wuhan and Shanghai as an example .








Type , it is in the feudal old bureaucracy and the constitutional faction forces prevail , the revolutionary force is relatively weak or the whip length








In many parts of the world , businessmen are often connected in series with the old bureaucrats and the constitutional parties , conspiracy to " peace and independence " .








This situation accounts for the overwhelming majority of the Revolution of 1911 , while the " independence " of Suzhou and Guangzhou is typical .








However , it can also be seen from the action of the businessmen ' s hierarchy of the revolution that the businessmen stratum is politically








The attitude is extremely pragmatic and conservative .








2 . Political performance








The complex and turmoil of the Civil Administration of the Republic of China has prompted the independent political consciousness of the businessman to gradually increase , and they








Start with " political words " that belong to their own .
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2004
【分類號】：K257

【引證文獻】

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前5條

1 王叢叢;清末新政與近代中國市民社會初步考察[D];山東師范大學(xué);2011年

2 敖凱;京師總商會研究（1906-1928）[D];首都師范大學(xué);2011年

3 李娜;北京政府時期山東市民社會初探（1912-1928）[D];山東師范大學(xué);2013年

4 杜維;近現(xiàn)代中國公司治理與國家之關(guān)系研究[D];中國政法大學(xué);2013年

5 朱雯;地方精英與民國太倉地方社會[D];上海師范大學(xué);2013年

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