本文選題：消費(fèi)者破產(chǎn) + 西方國(guó)家　； 參考：《對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)》2003年碩士論文

【摘要】： 隨著現(xiàn)代社會(huì)消費(fèi)者信用和消費(fèi)者金融的急劇膨脹，以及社會(huì)公眾生活觀念和消費(fèi)習(xí)慣的改變，近十幾年來(lái)，社會(huì)上開始大量出現(xiàn)個(gè)人即消費(fèi)者破產(chǎn)的現(xiàn)象，引起了社會(huì)的廣泛關(guān)注和連鎖反應(yīng)。而且預(yù)計(jì)隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的繼續(xù)發(fā)展，這種社會(huì)現(xiàn)象將會(huì)頻繁的發(fā)生。 消費(fèi)者破產(chǎn)并不是嚴(yán)格的法律用語(yǔ)，而是用于區(qū)別企業(yè)破產(chǎn)。消費(fèi)者破產(chǎn)主要起因于生活經(jīng)濟(jì)主體的消費(fèi)生活。當(dāng)個(gè)人或法人不能償還其債務(wù)，相應(yīng)的利害關(guān)系人如要行使各自的權(quán)利，各債權(quán)人之間將會(huì)產(chǎn)生很多的權(quán)利沖突，甚至影響社會(huì)秩序的穩(wěn)定。今天的法律與生活緊密相連，為了公平合理地解決這些債務(wù)人和債權(quán)人之間的利害關(guān)系，作為規(guī)范消費(fèi)者破產(chǎn)的法律制度也開始走向成熟和完善。許多國(guó)家制定了破產(chǎn)法，及為防止瀕臨倒閉的和議法，以及相關(guān)的公司整理法。 在經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家，包括美國(guó)、日本等，消費(fèi)者個(gè)人破產(chǎn)問題在理論和實(shí)踐中已經(jīng)有了相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的發(fā)展。韓國(guó)因最近的金融危機(jī)，除企業(yè)外許多個(gè)人處于經(jīng)濟(jì)上的倒閉狀態(tài)，消費(fèi)者個(gè)人破產(chǎn)的問題開始引人注目。在對(duì)美、日等西方國(guó)家消費(fèi)者破產(chǎn)法律制度進(jìn)行研究的基礎(chǔ)上，我們能夠發(fā)現(xiàn)其中的特色和優(yōu)點(diǎn)，并在著手構(gòu)建自己國(guó)家的消費(fèi)者破產(chǎn)法律制度時(shí)，起到借鑒和引用的作用。 中國(guó)市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的各項(xiàng)制度尚未完善，如個(gè)人信用及信用卡制度、個(gè)人貸款制度等，因此，也許涉及不到消費(fèi)者破產(chǎn)的問題。但是，隨著市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的迅猛發(fā)達(dá)，很快會(huì)出現(xiàn)消費(fèi)者破產(chǎn)的問題。中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)模式和方向與韓國(guó)相當(dāng)相似，本文試從比較法角度來(lái)分析韓國(guó)消費(fèi)者破產(chǎn)的問題，，希望給中國(guó)消費(fèi)者個(gè)人破產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域提供一些建議。 本文分四個(gè)部分。第一部分“消費(fèi)者破產(chǎn)的概述”，首先探討消費(fèi)者破產(chǎn)的含義，并對(duì)其劃分類別。為研討消費(fèi)者破產(chǎn)問題，首先要明確消費(fèi)者的含義。消費(fèi)者破產(chǎn)的類似概念有：“小破產(chǎn)”、“自己破產(chǎn)”、“多重債務(wù)（者）”。根據(jù)韓國(guó)《消費(fèi)者保護(hù)法》，消費(fèi)者是指為消費(fèi)生活使用或利用營(yíng)業(yè)者提供的物品及服務(wù)的人。但消費(fèi)者破產(chǎn)中消費(fèi)者不局限于特定的合同或法律關(guān)系，而是涉及到消費(fèi)者作為個(gè)人發(fā)生倒閉情況的所有法律關(guān)系。日本學(xué)者伊藤真提出的Multi Door理論針對(duì)不同的債務(wù)人提出了不同的解決方案，具有一定的科學(xué)性。最后總結(jié)有關(guān)消費(fèi)者破產(chǎn)的法律特征。 第二部分“西方國(guó)家的消費(fèi)者破產(chǎn)”，詳細(xì)介紹美、日等西方國(guó)家消費(fèi)者破產(chǎn)的現(xiàn)狀及其現(xiàn)行的規(guī)制消費(fèi)者破產(chǎn)的法律制度，并對(duì)其各自的特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行比較。伴隨90年代后期的經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮以及個(gè)人的收入增加，美國(guó)的消費(fèi)者破產(chǎn)數(shù)量上卻出現(xiàn)了急劇增加趨勢(shì)。美國(guó)消費(fèi)者破產(chǎn)急劇增加的主要原因是美國(guó)人的過分消費(fèi)、金融機(jī)關(guān)的借貸形式、法律及相關(guān)制度等復(fù)合作用的結(jié)果。信用卡的大量普及和消費(fèi)者信用的發(fā)展，使美國(guó)人享受著豐富的消費(fèi)生活。但是部分個(gè)人因過分使用信用卡而承擔(dān)過重的負(fù)債后，不能償還債務(wù)就申請(qǐng)消費(fèi)者破產(chǎn)。而日本因繼續(xù)的經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退逐漸增加消費(fèi)者破產(chǎn)。據(jù)1998年統(tǒng)計(jì)，日本每1,200名中就有1人申請(qǐng)了消費(fèi)者破產(chǎn)，具有破產(chǎn)可能性者預(yù)計(jì)達(dá)150萬(wàn)名左右。日本的消費(fèi)者破產(chǎn)增加的原因是：因?yàn)榻?jīng)濟(jì)蕭條并且個(gè)人收入減少；也是因?yàn)榻鹑跈C(jī)關(guān)的借貸控制放松、日本式雇傭慣行的崩潰等；經(jīng)營(yíng)貸款和住房貸款的利息過高造成消費(fèi)者破產(chǎn)。在破產(chǎn)法律制度建設(shè)方面，美國(guó)的法制體系較為健全，各種程序規(guī)定更細(xì) WP=4 致和充分，美國(guó)的破產(chǎn)法有：原有的的“Bankruptcy Act”、1978年全面修訂的“Bankruptcy Reform Act”。其破產(chǎn)程序多樣，包括“清算程序（第7章程序，Liquidation）”、“整頓（企業(yè)重建）程序（第11章程序，Reorganization）”、“個(gè)人再生程序（第13章程序）”、“有年收入之農(nóng)業(yè)工人的債務(wù)調(diào)整程序（第12章程序，Adjustment of Debts of a Family Farmer with Regular Annual Income）”、“市政府債務(wù)調(diào)整程序等”。實(shí)際破產(chǎn)案例數(shù)量最多，司法實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)也最為成熟。美國(guó)破產(chǎn)法制的著眼點(diǎn)更多地在于破產(chǎn)后的重整，因此給破產(chǎn)人提供更多的保護(hù)。德國(guó)破產(chǎn)法律制度更多地強(qiáng)調(diào)當(dāng)事人之間事先的合意，希望通過當(dāng)事人之間的合意來(lái)減少個(gè)人（消費(fèi)者）破產(chǎn)給社會(huì)帶來(lái)的沖擊。德國(guó)法更多地關(guān)注保護(hù)債權(quán)人利益。日本則把破產(chǎn)程序劃分為‘清算型’和‘再建型’。清算型包括破產(chǎn)法上的破產(chǎn)程序和商法上的特別清算程序，再建型包括公司再建程序、公司整頓程序及和議法上的和解程序。其中，適用消費(fèi)者破產(chǎn)的有破產(chǎn)法上的破產(chǎn)程序和和議法上的和議程序。對(duì)于非破產(chǎn)法上的破產(chǎn)，強(qiáng)調(diào)當(dāng)事人雙方的自愿、自主，充分體現(xiàn)當(dāng)事人雙方的意志自治。 第三部分“韓國(guó)的消費(fèi)者破產(chǎn)”，首先將詳細(xì)地介紹韓國(guó)消費(fèi)者破產(chǎn)的現(xiàn)狀，及韓國(guó)消費(fèi)者破產(chǎn)法律制度。韓國(guó)在上世紀(jì)90年代發(fā)生金融、外匯危機(jī)之后，“倒產(chǎn)（倒閉）案件”增加了很多。1999年后破產(chǎn)案件的增加速度有所緩和，但依然比‘金融、外匯危機(jī)’前高。韓國(guó)法律尚未制訂出為消費(fèi)者破產(chǎn)的法律制度，因此消費(fèi)者破產(chǎn)制度與破產(chǎn)法的一般程序相差不多。消費(fèi)者破產(chǎn)通過債務(wù)人對(duì)管轄地方法院的破產(chǎn)申請(qǐng)而開始。地方法院審查而進(jìn)行破產(chǎn)宣告后，進(jìn)行‘同時(shí)廢止決定'或選任破產(chǎn)管理人。以免責(zé)為目的的這些自己破產(chǎn)案件的大部分為同時(shí)廢止
[Abstract]:With the rapid expansion of consumer credit and consumer finance in the modern society, as well as the changes in the concept of public life and consumption habits, the phenomenon of individual consumer bankruptcy has appeared in the society in the past decade, which has caused widespread concern and chain reaction in society. And it is expected that as the economy continues to develop, this kind of society is expected to develop. The phenomenon will occur frequently.
Consumer bankruptcy is not a strict legal term, but is used to distinguish enterprise bankruptcy. Consumer bankruptcy is mainly due to the consumer life of the main body of living economy. When individuals or legal persons can not repay their debts, the corresponding stakeholders will exercise their respective rights, and there will be a lot of conflicts of rights and even influence among the creditors. The stability of social order. Today's law and life are closely linked. In order to resolve the interests of these debtors and creditors in a fair and rational way, the legal system for the regulation of the bankruptcy of consumers has also begun to mature and perfect. Many countries have established bankruptcy laws, as well as to prevent the closing of bankruptcy, and related companies. Tidy up.
In the developed countries, including the United States, Japan, and so on, the personal bankruptcy of consumers has been developing for quite a long time in theory and practice. Because of the recent financial crisis, many individuals are in the state of economic collapse except for enterprises. The problems of consumer personal bankruptcy have begun to attract attention. In the western countries, such as the United States, Japan and other countries. On the basis of the study of the legal system of bankruptcy, we can find out the characteristics and advantages, and play the role of reference and reference when we begin to build the legal system of consumer bankruptcy in our country.
The system of China's market economy has not been perfected, such as personal credit and credit card system, personal loan system and so on. Therefore, it may not be involved in the problem of consumer bankruptcy. However, with the rapid development of the market economy, the problem of consumer bankruptcy will appear quickly. The model and direction of China's economic development are similar to that of Korea. From the perspective of comparative law, this paper analyzes the problem of Korean consumer bankruptcy, and hopes to provide some suggestions for Chinese consumers in the field of personal bankruptcy.
This article is divided into four parts. The first part, "a summary of consumer bankruptcy", first discusses the meaning of consumer bankruptcy and divides them into categories. In order to discuss consumer bankruptcy, first of all, we should make clear the meaning of consumers. The similar concepts of consumer bankruptcy are "small bankruptcy", "self bankruptcy", "multiple debt". Consumer protection law, the consumer is the person who uses or uses the goods and services provided by the business person for the consumer life. But the consumer is not limited to a specific contract or legal relationship in the bankruptcy of the consumer. It is all the legal customs of the consumer as a personal failure. Ito, a Japanese scholar, really proposed the Multi Door theory. Different solutions for different debtors are scientific. Finally, summarize the legal characteristics of consumer bankruptcy.
The second part, "consumer bankruptcy in the west", describes in detail the current situation of consumer bankruptcy in the United States, Japan and other western countries and the current legal system to regulate consumers' bankruptcy, and compares their respective characteristics. With the economic prosperity of the late 90s and the increase in individual income, the number of consumer bankruptcies in the United States comes out. There is a sharp increase in the trend. The major reasons for the sharp increase in American consumer bankruptcy are the result of the excessive consumption of the Americans, the form of financial institutions, the law and related systems. The widespread popularity of credit cards and the development of consumer credit have made the Americans enjoy a rich consumer life. But some of them are overdue. In 1998, Japan has been bankrupt. According to the 1998 statistics, 1 people in every 1200 Japan have applied for consumer bankruptcy, and the possibility of bankruptcy is expected to be about 1 million 500 thousand. Japan's consumer bankruptcy is increasing. The reasons are: because of the recession and the reduction of personal income; also because of the loosening of the control of financial institutions, the collapse of Japanese type of employment, and the excessive interest of operating loans and housing loans. In the construction of the legal system of bankruptcy, the legal system of the United States is more sound and the various procedures are finer.
WP=4
The insolvency law of the United States has: the original "Bankruptcy Act" and the "Bankruptcy Reform Act", revised in 1978. Its bankruptcy proceedings are diverse, including "liquidation procedures (seventh chapters, Liquidation)", "rectification (enterprise reconstruction) procedure (eleventh constitution, Reorganization)", "individual regeneration procedure (thirteenth chapter procedures)", "The debt adjustment procedure of agricultural workers with annual income (twelfth chapter procedure, Adjustment of Debts of a Family Farmer with Regular Annual Income)", "municipal government debt adjustment procedure, etc.". The number of actual bankruptcy cases is the most and the judicial practice is most mature. As a result, more protection is provided to the bankrupt. The German bankruptcy law has more emphasis on the prior agreement between the parties and hopes to reduce the impact of individual (consumer) bankruptcy to the society through the agreement between the parties. German law pays more attention to protecting the interests of creditors. The liquidation type includes the bankruptcy proceedings and the special liquidation procedures on the commercial law in the bankruptcy law. The rebuilt type includes the reconstruction procedures of the company, the reorganization procedure of the company and the reconciliation procedure in the harmony law. Among them, the bankruptcy proceedings and the negotiation procedures on the bankruptcy law and the negotiation procedures in the bankruptcy law are applicable to the bankruptcy law. Bankruptcy emphasizes the willingness and autonomy of both parties to fully reflect the will autonomy of both parties.
The third part, "South Korea's consumer bankruptcy", will first give a detailed introduction to the current situation of South Korea's consumer bankruptcy and the legal system of South Korea's consumer bankruptcy. After the financial and foreign exchange crisis in 90s of the last century, the "inverted production (bankruptcy) case" increased the rate of bankruptcy in many.1999 years, but still compared. "Financial, foreign exchange crisis" before high. Korean law has not yet formulated a legal system for the bankruptcy of consumers, so the consumer bankruptcy system and the general procedures of the bankruptcy law are quite different. The majority of these bankruptcy cases are to be abolished at the same time.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2003
【分類號(hào)】：D912.29

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前2條

1 張留祿;殷慧芬;;信用視角的消費(fèi)者破產(chǎn)立法原因分析[J];河南金融管理干部學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào);2009年03期

2 孫穎;;論我國(guó)個(gè)人破產(chǎn)法律制度的構(gòu)建[J];現(xiàn)代法學(xué);2006年03期

相關(guān)博士學(xué)位論文 前2條

1 郭新華;家庭借貸、違約和破產(chǎn)[D];華中科技大學(xué);2006年

2 殷慧芬;消費(fèi)者破產(chǎn)制度研究[D];上海交通大學(xué);2008年

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 文莉;論我國(guó)自然人破產(chǎn)制度的建構(gòu)[D];蘭州大學(xué);2009年

本文編號(hào)：1852754